tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-90534256865499220342024-03-14T02:17:40.253-05:00An Engineer's AspectNanette South Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10957711598030365443noreply@blogger.comBlogger426125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9053425686549922034.post-88524788570235884222017-09-20T09:27:00.002-05:002017-09-20T09:34:14.317-05:00Science Quote by Dr. Mae Jemison<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgth0_LVD-ZTsbo7weR9MGeRZxNk7t0jeDu8BOyTOEr-w72gYWwFoiA5E2xNmJF3ZbRLUYvrURq4c29EbCdXZ7kjfR1YRBogn043cPTWesbOPbkKY0-ICpydEQLE65U9602O9K1NrQ58uw/s1600/Mae+Jemison+Quote.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgth0_LVD-ZTsbo7weR9MGeRZxNk7t0jeDu8BOyTOEr-w72gYWwFoiA5E2xNmJF3ZbRLUYvrURq4c29EbCdXZ7kjfR1YRBogn043cPTWesbOPbkKY0-ICpydEQLE65U9602O9K1NrQ58uw/s640/Mae+Jemison+Quote.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
"We look at science as something very elite, which only a few people can learn. That's just not true. You just have to start early and give kids a foundation. Kids live up, or down, to expectations." -Mae JemisonNanette South Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11434453594539343726noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9053425686549922034.post-39617274261362065102017-09-09T11:13:00.000-05:002017-09-09T11:21:28.494-05:0010 Jack Christiansen Structures<a href="http://www.monolithic.org/news-feed/jack-christiansen-obituary">John V. "Jack" Christiansen passed away on Aug. 16, 2017</a>, though his body of work in the world of concrete thin-shell engineering and in engineering, in general, will live on for many years to come.<br />
<br />
Jack was one of the notable few who received the coveted <a href="https://www.iass-structures.org/index.cfm/page/HA/TM.htm">Eduardo Torroja Medal</a> in "recognition of outstanding and distinguished contributions to design, construction or research of shell and/or spatial structures," the highest individual recognition given by the <a href="https://www.iass-structures.org/">Association of Shell and Spatial Structures</a>.<br />
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Below are ten of the structures Jack was involved with during the design and/or engineering:<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><b>The United States Science Pavilion (Pacific Science Center) for the 1962 World’s Fair</b></span></li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii9_vqTS-p4Vd23FvBIJfGnUEXkaxgeak5zAoXbIEy28DARyeTWknNuImj_lAkf9Iof5GyMeK1OPzPEQqpo11RKHQdCACP1HO8cRuSbDwnwEGtZYkKF466lyZf9E9txVog93el8zDnlQI/s1600/3995600561_afda8d284b_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="644" data-original-width="1000" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii9_vqTS-p4Vd23FvBIJfGnUEXkaxgeak5zAoXbIEy28DARyeTWknNuImj_lAkf9Iof5GyMeK1OPzPEQqpo11RKHQdCACP1HO8cRuSbDwnwEGtZYkKF466lyZf9E9txVog93el8zDnlQI/s640/3995600561_afda8d284b_o.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Image:</b> The arches of the U.S. Science Pavilion, in the Seattle World's Fair of 1962. </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Source:</b> <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/24736216@N07/3995600561/">Roger W. on flickr</a></div>
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<ul>
<li><b><span style="font-size: large;">Seattle First National Bank Building</span></b></li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlWn16LoqIveb4ApIx8-qgd5vDo0J2f6LLX4qmj0X45UFY_BcbO2eiUyrsjZiuR44lhnjEcELzTAHZFmQCrwBBWaZMxxJbuz8wuy_pHBdEgZ0J4_mSzzheRLrmBPi-Wx_xyQQB-pBi6FE/s1600/5988496694_112a0cc6b2_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1308" data-original-width="1600" height="523" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlWn16LoqIveb4ApIx8-qgd5vDo0J2f6LLX4qmj0X45UFY_BcbO2eiUyrsjZiuR44lhnjEcELzTAHZFmQCrwBBWaZMxxJbuz8wuy_pHBdEgZ0J4_mSzzheRLrmBPi-Wx_xyQQB-pBi6FE/s640/5988496694_112a0cc6b2_o.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Image:</b> Seattle First National Bank building, 1969. </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Source: </b><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/seattlemunicipalarchives/5988496694/in/photolist-a8bBr1-f1gj9a-z44HC-A8zQK-pripqq-z44KE-2zjAks-gWtmY-8QZZVA-yMiKt2-y9vY9e-yNN4PC-z46wzG-yNRyCU-yNNjcW-z7dDzg-z7fctK-2bipX3-8R1iPS-rZUr9-497JZ-4988G-4988F-497K1-yMdnV1-yNRn4b-yNWcec-y9vU1e-yNVott-z7gWR4-y9yQyt-z49kA1-yNNdob-z5qUhG-z46sbw-JdpRy7-HWL1jh-yNNGdw-xnuVcg-z7gHu4-x5Ty6E-x5ToNu-z6qZyF-wqCG2v-z6qxJp-y9qtcC-x611Wa-yNT9za-y9vPsM-z49B69">Seattle Municipal Archives on flickr</a>
</div>
<br />
<ul>
<li><b><span style="font-size: large;">Rainier Bank Tower</span></b></li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZo13vjiS2cVWNwtztYmKlSfJx-dwZePYy_hiGrFMSNjxwcpmShAfiYOU2N_1KLRlAcoYRBGl25PI6XLKjLNkCwGk3kufx8jq_pImq3RAqrZsYTbhjFUIncg0Cl0nyBa9h5Pa28p-9Q6U/s1600/Rainier_Tower_Seattle_Washington.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZo13vjiS2cVWNwtztYmKlSfJx-dwZePYy_hiGrFMSNjxwcpmShAfiYOU2N_1KLRlAcoYRBGl25PI6XLKjLNkCwGk3kufx8jq_pImq3RAqrZsYTbhjFUIncg0Cl0nyBa9h5Pa28p-9Q6U/s640/Rainier_Tower_Seattle_Washington.jpg" width="427" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Image: </b>Rainier Tower from the 48th-floor sundeck of Washington Mutual Tower, August 1, 2008. Two Union Square is in the background. </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Source:</b> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rainier_Tower_Seattle_Washington.jpg">Cumulus Clouds on Wikimedia Commons</a></div>
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<ul>
<li><b><span style="font-size: large;">Seattle Museum of Flight</span></b></li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI1PxxgtTL9d0lLpIX1uDhFlWWxmqV0DRp0tTmgso1JVruROWks26AstDKQdTXaSillsuPvl3b9XuHsRES60cR_1f5eSiaXm3Ir8Zze3zDctXet6aVsiisgUw2k2N9GtcivXyT_Oqb2h0/s1600/Museum_of_Flight%252C_Seattle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI1PxxgtTL9d0lLpIX1uDhFlWWxmqV0DRp0tTmgso1JVruROWks26AstDKQdTXaSillsuPvl3b9XuHsRES60cR_1f5eSiaXm3Ir8Zze3zDctXet6aVsiisgUw2k2N9GtcivXyT_Oqb2h0/s640/Museum_of_Flight%252C_Seattle.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Image: </b>The main display area of the Museum of Flight, located at Boeing Field, Seattle, Washington. <b>Source: </b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Museum_of_Flight,_Seattle.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a>
</div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Washington State Convention and Trade Center</b></span></li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd2ujt1k5AziSi6UWFcsKs1PTpEsBb83AThgaaWqhPAPsb6uq2LboYeWlnyPTZM7grNNhoMNrIKV7P6w7ttW6JboNtZP0QzTi8aQ-yL0jgTRUr5IqfoNDeWmlFJcQ4w1FXHdBYs66NwiA/s1600/Washington_State_Convention_and_Trade_Center-4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="427" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd2ujt1k5AziSi6UWFcsKs1PTpEsBb83AThgaaWqhPAPsb6uq2LboYeWlnyPTZM7grNNhoMNrIKV7P6w7ttW6JboNtZP0QzTi8aQ-yL0jgTRUr5IqfoNDeWmlFJcQ4w1FXHdBYs66NwiA/s640/Washington_State_Convention_and_Trade_Center-4.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Image:</b> Inside the Washington State Convention and Trade Center. </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Source:</b> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Washington_State_Convention_and_Trade_Center-4.jpg">Visitor7 on Wikimedia Commons</a>
</div>
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<ul>
<li><b><span style="font-size: large;">Seattle Kingdome </span></b>(demolished in 2014) -- The largest clear span concrete dome in the world at 661 feet and site of the first Structural Engineers’ World Congress in 1998.</li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMjgeLakgGQlxEut1TmiQ_Tq1G-xn4W5arzDIVMGBqrmhr5ztccimZZ1n6zX1ueh-31-1gA-kJjnf6zFKZXhoQLqDkjtjSVBIc0fiecWb8iUeC3In7AUprJCeMTHhyBEunMDUeUn5-JTg/s1600/1985_Mother%2527s_Cookies_-_Seattle_Kingdome.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1094" data-original-width="1526" height="459" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMjgeLakgGQlxEut1TmiQ_Tq1G-xn4W5arzDIVMGBqrmhr5ztccimZZ1n6zX1ueh-31-1gA-kJjnf6zFKZXhoQLqDkjtjSVBIc0fiecWb8iUeC3In7AUprJCeMTHhyBEunMDUeUn5-JTg/s640/1985_Mother%2527s_Cookies_-_Seattle_Kingdome.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Image: </b>The exterior of the Seattle Kingdome. </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Source:</b> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1985_Mother%27s_Cookies_-_Seattle_Kingdome.JPG">Wikimedia Commons</a>
</div>
Below is a video of the Kingdome's demolition in 2014:<br /><br>
<center>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dnGt9OPueII" width="560"></iframe></center>
<br />
<ul>
<li><b><span style="font-size: large;">New York City’s World Trade Center structure</span></b> (destroyed 9/11/2001)</li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYfqYDvRWSsAQ9DVJ6wXrulwjvpYJMtYyIY0tQFa5hpMk0klz8OyyDXcZT3N1Jv9LggpuLh4Ac2MEt0kw9daPy1t4mTQlfpKMDQqxUVssBUPrujhuVY5Q3qmWZB2J7G7eE6iXGK-TmDAQ/s1600/Twin_Towers-NYC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1289" data-original-width="1600" height="516" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYfqYDvRWSsAQ9DVJ6wXrulwjvpYJMtYyIY0tQFa5hpMk0klz8OyyDXcZT3N1Jv9LggpuLh4Ac2MEt0kw9daPy1t4mTQlfpKMDQqxUVssBUPrujhuVY5Q3qmWZB2J7G7eE6iXGK-TmDAQ/s640/Twin_Towers-NYC.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Image:</b> Battery Park City and the former Twin Towers at the World Trade Center NYC. </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Source:</b> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Twin_Towers-NYC.jpg">Library of Congress on Wikimedia Commons</a></div>
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<ul>
<li><b><span style="font-size: large;">Green Lake Pool in Seattle</span></b> -- The world’s largest intermediate thin-shell cylindrical barrel at the time of construction.</li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivFa9KcMWRzCnffH6hFmF7TNyrXTmFUAdksHKP7gK2m28A0MN6lbrADfvD0W7TRrdP2KtAXxHiI3pG0Ju8V4RycOEH_5t4uiz2738EB2nLSfbcKxi7zXSEnEv8lxEjlu0jVjfubHHnYm0/s1600/Seattle_-_Green_Lake_Community_Center_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1063" data-original-width="1600" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivFa9KcMWRzCnffH6hFmF7TNyrXTmFUAdksHKP7gK2m28A0MN6lbrADfvD0W7TRrdP2KtAXxHiI3pG0Ju8V4RycOEH_5t4uiz2738EB2nLSfbcKxi7zXSEnEv8lxEjlu0jVjfubHHnYm0/s640/Seattle_-_Green_Lake_Community_Center_01.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Image: </b>Green Lake Community Center, Green Lake Park, Seattle, Washington. </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Source:</b> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Seattle_-_Green_Lake_Community_Center_01.jpg">Joe Mabel on Wikimedia Commons</a>
</div>
<br />
<ul>
<li><b><span style="font-size: large;">Rivergate Exhibit Facility in New Orleans</span></b> -- Recognized for design.</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXTNuXBDFRUcWMiGWCpA_l4uQeAuvf1_XFSUEEeR7s-h9s47axL_h3NRhhttxq21NkYmxjaeTl_DV1yvyUSot5SC_iaewd5qd7rWmO-JB1kPb2BQT5kLAfLZ7ik2QmfUOGcDnYsP42IU8/s1600/514fHMabDwL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="316" data-original-width="500" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXTNuXBDFRUcWMiGWCpA_l4uQeAuvf1_XFSUEEeR7s-h9s47axL_h3NRhhttxq21NkYmxjaeTl_DV1yvyUSot5SC_iaewd5qd7rWmO-JB1kPb2BQT5kLAfLZ7ik2QmfUOGcDnYsP42IU8/s640/514fHMabDwL.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Image:</b> The Rivergate in New Orleans. </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Source: </b>Postcard</div>
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<ul>
<li><b><span style="font-size: large;">The Yakima SunDome</span></b></li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgisdSEOYlMOIYyOvSA47EquzGPS-b40f82pvnU0mv3UL95CQia8jt0GL3yjDNMFQx9kEoGnlWy7xXOnGr7pzX5LU2hhTjBdTR0MvSeySktLKDz9poJ38vcgmPIsDYnOrg6khKIWEoUnH4/s1600/YakimaSundome.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="658" data-original-width="1600" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgisdSEOYlMOIYyOvSA47EquzGPS-b40f82pvnU0mv3UL95CQia8jt0GL3yjDNMFQx9kEoGnlWy7xXOnGr7pzX5LU2hhTjBdTR0MvSeySktLKDz9poJ38vcgmPIsDYnOrg6khKIWEoUnH4/s640/YakimaSundome.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Image:</b> The Yakima Sundome. </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Source:</b> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:YakimaSundome.jpg">Cacophony</a></div>
Nanette South Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11434453594539343726noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9053425686549922034.post-87119622468374509252017-08-20T09:02:00.001-05:002017-08-20T09:03:00.986-05:00Science Quote by Henri Poincaré<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD19HYtUXOLervVRSdm9II1KpjWTpLOy40svz8pPkAZ3IJzZ5pmhCz24Heldf8Qj0HRnZ1moTi59ChE3Q3uxq1E129M9idlT-pWXP51byx9wIi0W6GeGNR4tYJyy8PZGAXX7Oc636X8-g/s1600/HenriPoincare%25CC%2581Quote.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="615" data-original-width="958" height="411" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD19HYtUXOLervVRSdm9II1KpjWTpLOy40svz8pPkAZ3IJzZ5pmhCz24Heldf8Qj0HRnZ1moTi59ChE3Q3uxq1E129M9idlT-pWXP51byx9wIi0W6GeGNR4tYJyy8PZGAXX7Oc636X8-g/s640/HenriPoincare%25CC%2581Quote.png" width="640" /></a></div>
"Science is built up of facts, as a house is built of stones; but an accumulation of facts is no more a science than a heap of stones is a house."
~Henri PoincaréNanette South Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11434453594539343726noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9053425686549922034.post-76031953855020827572017-08-14T10:01:00.002-05:002017-08-14T10:01:44.137-05:00Engineering Spotlight - Elijah McCoy<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGqEq80vphUwbksv06Ob_9GjXmBjG2yqa78ymEnsIvenpwtnxT0nopclqJa9vfSOIfOl2iteXJtEERQITu-szgsJLZcYD27n3D8fWNEUHi8Hz-2hBNG37Zc2NBL5dCtWb4nhXwqBwKxTM/s1600/Elijah_McCoy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="988" data-original-width="800" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGqEq80vphUwbksv06Ob_9GjXmBjG2yqa78ymEnsIvenpwtnxT0nopclqJa9vfSOIfOl2iteXJtEERQITu-szgsJLZcYD27n3D8fWNEUHi8Hz-2hBNG37Zc2NBL5dCtWb4nhXwqBwKxTM/s640/Elijah_McCoy.jpg" width="518" /></a></div>
According to the <a href="http://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/elijah-mccoy">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>: "Frequently, if people want to make sure to get "the real thing" – a quality product or service – they ask for "the real McCoy." It's not certain where this phrase comes from, but many believe that it started with Elijah McCoy, one of the most prolific inventors in American history."<br />
<br />
"During his lifetime, McCoy patented more than 50 inventions, none more famous than his automatic oil cup, which eventually became standard equipment on most locomotives and heavy machinery (<a href="http://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/elijah-mccoy">MIT</a>)."Nanette South Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11434453594539343726noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9053425686549922034.post-60764141689587882302017-08-10T11:01:00.001-05:002017-08-10T11:01:52.752-05:00Douglas Adams Quote<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR4ASCmuriIaA1VZu1d15UQ_aXSTSSSgX0XdMbJZzb8bnEm8DLUov_V7leXan1Bv2jeUNM8uw4yT3fxna-br48ILCsYcvndrMfmjJUM42YG7yNt_fsHJ4hGm6espASjOY2NR5iuUAf4E8/s1600/Douglas+Adams+Quote.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="960" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR4ASCmuriIaA1VZu1d15UQ_aXSTSSSgX0XdMbJZzb8bnEm8DLUov_V7leXan1Bv2jeUNM8uw4yT3fxna-br48ILCsYcvndrMfmjJUM42YG7yNt_fsHJ4hGm6espASjOY2NR5iuUAf4E8/s640/Douglas+Adams+Quote.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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"The fact that we live at the bottom of a deep gravity well, on the surface of a gas covered planet going around a nuclear fireball 90 million miles away and think this to be normal is obviously some indication of how skewed our perspective tends to be." ~Douglas AdamsNanette South Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11434453594539343726noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9053425686549922034.post-42801614760659333352017-07-26T09:26:00.001-05:002017-07-26T09:26:48.473-05:00Science Quote by George Washington<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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"There is nothing which can better deserve our patronage than the promotion of science and literature. Knowledge is in every country the surest basis of public happiness."
~George Washington
Nanette South Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11434453594539343726noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9053425686549922034.post-76429809961161550542017-07-20T13:43:00.001-05:002017-07-20T13:43:28.944-05:00Nikola Tesla -- The Man of the FutureThis newspaper article from 1899 includes some anecdotes about Nikola Tesla I hadn't read before and also includes a detailed physical description of the famous scientist. Imagine what the world would be like now if it had embraced wireless technology in 1899!<br />
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<b><i>Sunday News</i>, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, Sunday, March 19, 1899, Page 9.</b><br />
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<i>A bird's-eye view of the wonderful wireless telegraphy which Nikola Tesla is almost ready to operate across the earth.</i></center>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">THE MAN OF THE FUTURE.</span><br />----------<br />Tesla and the Wireless Telegraphy Which He Originated.</b></center>
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There is a small country in Europe called Lika; and in Lika there is a little village called Smiljan. You may never have heard of either, but you have certainly heard of a baby who was born there some forty-three years ago, and who now in his present stage of development is one of the greatest geniuses the world has ever known.<br />
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Lika is part of Servia, and Servia ceased a long time ago to be of any importance in the world's history. Therefore, when the little Servian baby opened its eyes upon the world, people saw no great future in store for it, for they little dreamed that some time, out of Servia, would come the world-famed inventor, Nikola Tesla.<br />
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Tesla was born poor, as all Servian babes are, and life was a problem to him from the beginning. It was also a problem to his mother, who made things when she wanted them. When she needed clothes for herself and family she looked upon the plants in the fields and wondered why they could not be woven into cloth. Never having seen a loom, she invented one, and she raised in her fields the plants from which she extracted the fiber, prepared it, dyed it variously, and made therefrom the clothes of her family.<br />
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She produced a wide range of apparel and house-furnishings from a common doormat to the most delicate embroideries, beautiful in texture, dye and design.<br />
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<b>AS A BOY.</b></center>
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The boy Nikola's grandfather, who was a priest of the Greek Church, also had a mania for making things, and he constantly fashioned with his hands all sorts of articles which he designed for the house. He had a sort of poetic passion for making. Thus mothered and thus grandsired, young Tesla came honestly by the craft of creation.<br />
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Tesla spent a pleasant boyhood, for his parents allowed him to do just about as he pleased, provided he went to school and did the chores, so as a boy he was always making things to see what they would do. The first thing he ever made was a flying machine. He was then a little fellow, but he did all the work himself, and nobody else knew anything about it, until he had tried to fly with it.<br />
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He used an old umbrella in making the machine, and it was undoubtedly on the same principle that Mr. Maxim, the best known flying machine man, uses to-day in his aeroplane. That the lad had faith in his machine was shown by his serious attempt to fly with it. Like Darius Green and his flying machine, he jumped from a height, and fell and injured himself.<br />
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He was only 12 when he built the flying machine. When he was 13 he had spent four years in the public school at Gospic and three years in the Real School, so he was sent to live with an aunt at Cartstatt, Croatia, to finish his studies. On the way to Cartstatt from Gospic, which would be called a "wayback" town in America, he saw a steam engine for the first time, and was overwhelmed with delight.<br />
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At Cartstatt he studied so hard that he was able to finish the four-year course in three years, and was graduated in 1873, though only 16 years of age.<br />
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His first experiments in electricity were made during this two years' rest from study, and his devotion and talents in that direction were so apparent that his father, who wanted him to become a clergyman, consented to his son's abandonment of the divinity career.<br />
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As soon as Father Tesla agreed to this, the boy, who was now 18, was sent to Gratz, in Austria, to prepare for work as a professor of mathematics and physics. At Gratz he saw and operated a Gramme machine for the first time, and from his introduction to this contrivance dates his determination to devote his life to electrical invention.<br />
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Once out in the great world he got a chance to work, which is what a Servian craves. He began to be an electrician, and he worked at it night and day. He never wanted to go home, and in the morning he was always at his post. In spite of his faithfulness he was not a great favorite with his employers, for he wasted so much material in experimenting that they were constantly obliged to "call him down," as the Edison superintendent remarked fifteen years later.<br />
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At Budapest he was a telegraph operator in the government engineering department, and it was there that he began to be noticed. One day he received an invitation to a fete. His comrades pressed him to go, and he rather craved the relaxation, but to spare the money from his private experiments, machines, etc., for a new suit of clothes was not to his liking.<br />
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A brilliant idea visited him. Why not invent a new suit out of an old one?<br />
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Seized by this inspiration, he turned his clothes inside out, ripped them apart, and sat up all the night before, playing tailor to himself.<br />
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If a lawyer who argues his own case has a fool for a client, what shall be said of a poetic inventor who tries to be tailor? He only succeeds, as did young Tesla, in becoming a tailor's goose. Tesla missed the fete, and stayed in several days, experimenting in patience, before he got another vestment with which to appear in public.<br />
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He had always longed for America. It seemed to call him with a mysterious voice, just as Paris calls American artists, or London calls American men of letters who are not fully valued here.<br />
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Tesla drifted to Paris, with a longing eye toward Columbia. At Paris he secured employment in electric lighting, and soon came under the notice of a clever associate of Edison, the immortal.<br />
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An offer was made to him to come to America and work in the Edison shops. This he eagerly accepted, and came over to attack his work with an ardor which won the admiration of his chief. Tesla worked there a long time, but finally the two separated by mutual agreement, and Tesla set up an electrical shop for himself.<br />
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Soon he began turning out the electrical wonders which have astonished the world. His scheme for bringing the power of Niagara to New York; his artifical daylight; his almost complete communication with Mars, and finally, his perfectly successful wireless telegraphy have made him talked about the world over. He has scorned the smaller electrical inventions, preferring to devote his energies to the solving of great problems that have baffled the world.<br />
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<b>HIS WORKSHOP.</b></center>
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Two years ago, when he had nearly completed his signals to Mars, his laboratory on Fifth avenue, was entirely burned, and Tesla was prostrated. It was feared at the time that he would lose his reason, but he rallied, and now has a magnificent workshop on Houston street, equipped with marvels of electricity.<br />
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Your correspondent had the pleasure a few days ago of riding down town in a Broadway cable car with Tesla. He is a remarkable looking man, surely the tallest, thinnest and most serious man in New York. When thinking his lips move, and when the writer addressed him it took him a moment to get back from the region of artificial light in which he lives to that of plain old earth. He would not say upon what electrical problem he was working that muggy March morning, but he admitted that it had to do with the completion of the wireless telegraphy, which is now attracting so much attention.<br />
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A mountaineer he seems, an intrepid, rapid treader by the edge of precipices-- a child of the heights, not a denizen of cities.<br />
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Lean, tall, sinewy, with light blue, aquiline eyes, that look tired as though with eternal vigilance; a long, sharp nose, in the straightness of which comes an aquiline suggestion whenever he smiles with his lips; hair of glossy jet, a voice rather high in pitch, but agreeable in quality; a boyish manner streaked with intensity, hands rather small for his height, which talk, when he talks, with a languid sort of grace; that race inheritance which no change of environment or weariness can obliterate-- this is Tesla roughly sketched.<br />
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And Tesla is what he looks, a true descendant of those shepherd warriors, who, for centuries, have more or less held their own against the overflow of Asiatic barbarism.<br />
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<br />Nanette South Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11434453594539343726noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9053425686549922034.post-76411584744033122202017-07-16T10:23:00.000-05:002017-07-16T10:23:29.674-05:00Science Quote by Gertrude B. Elion<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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"Don't be afraid of hard work. Nothing worthwhile comes easily. Don't let others discourage you or tell you that you can't do it. In my day I was told women didn't go into chemistry. I saw no reason why we couldn't."
~Gertrude B. Elion<br />
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<i>(Gertrude B. Elion won the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with George H. Hitchings and Sir James Black.)
</i>Nanette South Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11434453594539343726noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9053425686549922034.post-36088638418790441492017-07-05T10:57:00.000-05:002017-07-05T10:57:10.026-05:00Science Quote by Robert G. Ingersoll<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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"The glory of science is, that it is freeing the soul, breaking the mental manacles, getting the brain out of bondage, giving courage to thought, filling the world with mercy, justice, and joy."
~Robert G. IngersollNanette South Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11434453594539343726noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9053425686549922034.post-53424078906581974612017-06-19T11:31:00.001-05:002017-06-19T11:31:41.345-05:00Engineering Quote by Wilfred James Dolor<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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“Math is my Passion. Engineering is my Profession.” ― Wilfred James DolorNanette South Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11434453594539343726noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9053425686549922034.post-17036794757917336502017-06-11T15:25:00.000-05:002017-06-11T15:28:16.710-05:00Electrifying Public School Children -- A Nikola Tesla News Article from 1912<b>Good idea:</b> Sending children to school.<br />
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<b>Bad idea: </b>Electrifying children at school!<br />
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One word popped into my mind when I found this article in the <i>St. Louis Post-Dispatch</i> archives, "Nope!"<br />
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Some of Tesla's ideas were very good and others...well, not so good. Still, this article is a part of the rhetoric of the early 20th Century, but I found it alarming on so many levels.<br />
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<b><i>St. Louis Post-Dispatch</i>, Sunday Magazine, Sep 8, 1912, pg 2.</b><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>ELECTRIFYING</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>PUBLIC SCHOOL CHILDREN</b></span></div>
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<b>St. Louis Educators to Watch With Caution Surprising Experiment in a School This Fall </b></div>
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<b>* Defective Children Immersed Six Months in Electric Bath Produced by Coil Generating High-Frequency Currents Will Be "Improved Mentally and Physically" </b></div>
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<b>* Plan Tried in Sweden With Good Results</b><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">St. Louis Physician Approves Electrization.</span></b></div>
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<b>By DR. CHARLES H. HUGHES</b><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr. Charles H. Hughes.</td></tr>
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The procedure proposed in the New York schools would be practicable and beneficial to the children, the electricity generating ozone, which is an antiseptic and disinfectant state of the atmosphere. In chemistry it is considered not only as a mere allotropic state of the atmosphere, but as increasing the oxygen proportion to the nitrogen of the air.<br />
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It would prove a salutary procedure in the schools of the slum districts until public sentiment and law should advance to the demands of justice generally as to the right and need of a free supply of God's pure air in the close downtown tenement districts.<br />
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It might be possible to overdo the ozonization, and harm children by an all-day use of this proposed electrization of schoolrooms. As to that I could not say without more practical knowledge of the subject and the electric power to be used; but ozone is a good therapeutic agent, in favor with advanced medical men, but regulated in dosage to their cases. Its unregulated use probably can be overdone, like almost every good thing in this world.<br />
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A too prolonged overdosage might overstimulate and unfit the children for life in their ordinary home environment; but, as Tesla suggests, the homes may be treated in the same way, and we might all come to live, not simply of this earth, but on it, by reason of this innovation.<br />
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I think myself that mankind will yet take a living higher above the earth than at present. If we go on advancing the height of our skyscrapers and improving aviation. Certain altitudes are more healthful for mankind than the places close to earth where we now live. After a storm on a mountain top you are exhilarated by the lightning-generated ozone.<br />
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ST LOUIS educators express keen interest, coupled with caution, in an experiment about to be tried in the public schools of New York, which, in the belief of its originators, is destined to revolutionize educational ideas. Simply stated, it is the electrification of the schoolroom. The theory is that pupils subjected to an atmosphere charged with high-frequency currents of electricity will show marked improvement, both mentally and physically.<br />
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According to the expectations of these educational revolutionaries, the dull or defective child will be brightened or normalized through constant contact with the electric currents while at school. Stupidity will be overcome. Mental lethargy will vanish. Backward children will be able to "get their lessons" more readily. Their sluggish minds will be quickened, exhilarated, stimulated.<br />
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Normal children also, it is believed by the advocates of the electrification idea, will be stimulated as to their receptive faculties, and thereby enabled to make better grades than heretofore. All those who come under the influence of the electric currents will benefit in body and brain, declare the enthusiasts who propose to electrify schoolrooms.<br />
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This fall the first electrified schoolroom in America is to be fitted up in one of the public school buildings of New York. The teachers won't know it. The pupils won't know it.<br />
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Only the men higher up in the school system and the scientists who observe and record the test will be aware of the electrification. For six months the experiment is to be in process. Then, if the results justify, other schoolrooms in the metropolis and elsewhere may be electrified.<br />
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Such is the educational innovation which Supt. Ben Blewett and other St. Louis educators are going to follow with interest. This test, which sounds startling and sensational, is said to have the thorough approval of Supt. William H. Maxwell of the New York public schools.<br />
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Among the men of science who are expected to volunteer their services in careful examinations of the school children before, during and after their subjection to the electrified air, and in making minute records for study as to results, are Dr. S. H. Monnell of Chicago noted as an electrotherapist, and Dr. Louis Blan of Columbus University. Chief of the enthusiasts will be Nikola Tesla, the celebrated electrical expert and inventor, who has devised the apparatus by which the test is to be made.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-vqeQGDedfKyVQQSrARF1hipdHLLf1zZT0e4P1u8n2AzZu8VyFsfoTMpkksJdAgpZfVMMbkpf8H9s6wT57D9Y4dL0XYeo1um1Oaxxhgw-FfdUFBoaEqcqkf_bJLRgeQXMg1YIQBFwdK4/s1600/1912_StLouisPostDispatch_ElectrifySchool_InstrumentElectrification.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="548" data-original-width="410" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-vqeQGDedfKyVQQSrARF1hipdHLLf1zZT0e4P1u8n2AzZu8VyFsfoTMpkksJdAgpZfVMMbkpf8H9s6wT57D9Y4dL0XYeo1um1Oaxxhgw-FfdUFBoaEqcqkf_bJLRgeQXMg1YIQBFwdK4/s640/1912_StLouisPostDispatch_ElectrifySchool_InstrumentElectrification.png" width="478" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Instrument for Electrification Used by Physicians.</td></tr>
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"I am convinced that the high-frequency current has no deleterious effect," says Superintendent Maxwell, "but, on the contrary, is positively beneficial, and that the experimental tests should be, and in all probability will be carried out this fall."<br />
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The apparatus is called the Tesla coil. It consists of a primary made up of a few turns of coarse wire, differing from the coil of the X-ray machine largely in this coarseness of the primary. From the X-ray coil may be obtained from 50 to 150,000 volts, while from the Tesla coil it is claimed that millions of volts may be generated.<br />
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Tesla is authority for the statement that the pupils will be in no danger, even if the current passing through the cable should, for any reason, become too strong. The apparatus is so designed, he says, that this cannot happen, but even if the current were increased a thousandfold, no untoward effect would result, he declares. He bases this belief upon personal experiments in his laboratory.<br />
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Tests similar to those proposed in New York have been made in Sweden. Tesla says that the apparatus used there was practically identical with the one invented by him, and installed for experiments several years ago in his laboratory.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiosbHXK1RclQbXTaQ0WIqsjAs66jEYqbRhQpKHsACInP19MVl1B67QHjQvRutg8txtxAajr30ytOZlVQCO5t9cPdvRSjXnpxTnowve5gAR8q-_UcjlrhnQFS1t7umDT2aYfzLkrO3d7xw/s1600/1912_StLouisPostDispatch_ElectrifySchool_Coils.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="549" data-original-width="617" height="568" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiosbHXK1RclQbXTaQ0WIqsjAs66jEYqbRhQpKHsACInP19MVl1B67QHjQvRutg8txtxAajr30ytOZlVQCO5t9cPdvRSjXnpxTnowve5gAR8q-_UcjlrhnQFS1t7umDT2aYfzLkrO3d7xw/s640/1912_StLouisPostDispatch_ElectrifySchool_Coils.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Coils for the Transmission of the High-Frequency Current.</td></tr>
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The tests were made on normal children in Stockholm. Two schoolrooms exactly alike save for the fact that the electrification wires were concealed in the walls of one were selected. Fifty children, averaging the same as to age and physical condition, were placed in each room for instruction along the ordinary lines.<br />
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The test lasted six months. Careful observations were recorded from time to time to ascertain the effect of the high-frequency currents upon the pupils.<br />
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The official report says that at the end of the period the children in the electrified room showed an increase in stature of two and a half inches, while in the unmagnetized room the average increase was but one and a fourth inches. The children in the electrified room showed increase in weight and proportionate physical development in excess of that of the pupils in the other room, says the report.<br />
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Continuing, the report says that the children in the electrified room averaged 92 per cent in their grades, those in the other room averaging only 75 per cent. Fifteen of the pupils exposed to the electric waves made 100 per cent. Nine were marked "perfect" in the other room.<br />
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The electrified children were reported by their teachers as appearing generally more active, less subject to fatigue, and of quickened mental faculties, while the teachers in the other room observed no such change.<br />
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As to the after-effects of this heroic electrical treatment, what? Assistant Superintendent George P. Knox of the St. Louis public schools and other educators have expressed deep concern upon this point.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuVaiWGGi5Akf2RByTNd9UXO0D5grShWCAyihiozeCczhzqrztG5omgiXgpnfTSyRd741Pnxr64bFUCihls-abNqqdx02TybCEcChaw-PaHSXMzMz5XSKBayGdqShLdP6cl2mVyQez4lI/s1600/1912_StLouisPostDispatch_ElectrifySchool8.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="498" data-original-width="399" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuVaiWGGi5Akf2RByTNd9UXO0D5grShWCAyihiozeCczhzqrztG5omgiXgpnfTSyRd741Pnxr64bFUCihls-abNqqdx02TybCEcChaw-PaHSXMzMz5XSKBayGdqShLdP6cl2mVyQez4lI/s320/1912_StLouisPostDispatch_ElectrifySchool8.png" width="256" /></a></div>
When the matter was under consideration in New York there was evinced a tendency to advise the experimenters to make headway slowly and cautiously. The well-known injurious effects of the X-Ray prompted this caution. Psychological experts and electrotherapists were consulted, and it is stated that they gave assurance that absolutely no danger would attend the proposed experimentation with high-frequency currents.<br />
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New York is familiar with parental opposition to new ideas introduced for the benefit of school children. From time to time raids have been made upon certain public schools by parents who objected to medical treatment deemed necessary, not only for the children subjected thereto, but for the good of those associated with them in the schools. Usually these demonstrations have been made by immigrants unable to comprehend the conditions involved.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibztZJVcnKRHJ2xdodqH02p6-PISwgcxpCOBjRtm-Q1863BfHUGOwRrXVwcXYr_YMLJwvswaYeRWmi4tmFXDWkn5khxdqHJ5FAq4N8AKPJoqoQKTa_XEJaX8Q7dc8UeM52I9YGg1OUZSI/s1600/1912_StLouisPostDispatch_ElectrifySchool9.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="452" data-original-width="391" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibztZJVcnKRHJ2xdodqH02p6-PISwgcxpCOBjRtm-Q1863BfHUGOwRrXVwcXYr_YMLJwvswaYeRWmi4tmFXDWkn5khxdqHJ5FAq4N8AKPJoqoQKTa_XEJaX8Q7dc8UeM52I9YGg1OUZSI/s320/1912_StLouisPostDispatch_ElectrifySchool9.png" width="277" /></a></div>
It is partly for this reason, but chiefly because it is desired to make the experiment coldly scientific, that New York's electrified schoolroom will be unidentified except to those in charge of the test. If little Jacob, who has been a dunce, goes home and astounds his father by doing sums in mental arithmetic right off the reel, or if little Margarita, who has been physically sluggish, amazes her mother by doing a sidewalk dance with two encores to the tune of the organ-grinder, the parents will be unaware that electrification is the cause of such improvement. Mr. Tesla promises to transform the duncecap champion into a star pupil without the subject's knowledge of the process.<br />
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In passing, it may be stated that Nikola Tesla's enthusiasm for his invention is such that he predicts to a few years the electrified house or flat, in which one room or more will be magnetized with the Tesla coil, so that the whole family may enjoy the benefit of the electric stimulant. They can sleep through a year-round electric bath, so to speak.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq2xnddYHT5qUctOwVSAwgZ1awSs8nOPgxEi26ZO-ttaac-AI7JbG2EWZHbpze_CEtwCiKdU3U6k6n9mMfW8kvR-eJzlWCSdp6OWwDufB2DFSSqU_zOjneAw2iYCekegpVSnYpN0MX9YM/s1600/1912_StLouisPostDispatch_ElectrifySchool_TeslaPic.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="631" data-original-width="406" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq2xnddYHT5qUctOwVSAwgZ1awSs8nOPgxEi26ZO-ttaac-AI7JbG2EWZHbpze_CEtwCiKdU3U6k6n9mMfW8kvR-eJzlWCSdp6OWwDufB2DFSSqU_zOjneAw2iYCekegpVSnYpN0MX9YM/s640/1912_StLouisPostDispatch_ElectrifySchool_TeslaPic.png" width="410" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nikola Tesla</td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicnp034QRalWQ1J0urHDEyluBFD5J9AVRp5GqsfCIYpyCnCLtzIPRJQfLQvoBxFN-yETHXHks6Vp5-VYqza2XpjdiSoGl6Ys9QdgLFyAvsRioXpbxrmseRhyphenhyphenee5t1UhjlpMgs-u2jwZPM/s1600/1912_StLouisPostDispatch_ElectrifySchool10.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="505" data-original-width="392" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicnp034QRalWQ1J0urHDEyluBFD5J9AVRp5GqsfCIYpyCnCLtzIPRJQfLQvoBxFN-yETHXHks6Vp5-VYqza2XpjdiSoGl6Ys9QdgLFyAvsRioXpbxrmseRhyphenhyphenee5t1UhjlpMgs-u2jwZPM/s320/1912_StLouisPostDispatch_ElectrifySchool10.png" width="248" /></a></div>
The 50 defective children who are to be the "goats" of this New York experiment will undergo, in reality, a six months' electric bath. Carefully insulated wires will be inserted in the walls of the experimenting classroom. The air of the room will be completely saturated with incalculable millions of infinitesimal electric waves vibrating at a frequency so great as to be unimaginable and capable of measurement only by a most delicate volt meter.<br />
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The experts find that the higher the voltage and the lower the amperage the less harmful is the electric wave. High-frequency currents never kill. The low-frequency currents with high amperage are the kind used in executions. The X-rays, produced by high-frequency currents, but through specially devised tubes, are, as is well known, injurious. They are of lower frequency than the currents generated by the Tesla coil. The X-ray passes through the body like a bullet, and actually makes microscopic holes. The high-frequency currents from the Tesla apparatus do not pass through the body, but bathe it and permeate it very much as does alcohol when rubbed on the skin.<br />
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Prof. J. P. Sutherland, dean of the Boston University School of Medicine, agrees with Tesla that the high-frequency current will become a commonplace in the household. It is now possible, he says, to imbue persons with this electric tonic without their coming in contact with any apparatus whatever, and without their being aware of the bath. In a recent statement Dr. Sutherland said:<br />
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"I have been interested for some time in the subject of high-frequency electricity, particularly in the effect of high-frequency currents on metabolism (that is, tissue-change.) My work has been confined almost wholly to adults. High-frequency currents produce ozone, the properties of which a tonic and a stimulant are well known. Although the effect of the current on the human body is not thoroughly understood as yet, it has a decided effect on its chemical processes."<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>St. Louis Educators Are Non-Committal.</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_UNPw-u6ToVmBnbfyt_DEFrnH0Orcdr0hx0yHNyKTE1mecVSdUairy6bFTNSfmQG9X-T1LcdaSX9MWpk9RAvNTIfND9I2ZcjtYZH1ugRobiUcV__LBDhwzzfqUWOT3moAAv1ry9-UzAE/s1600/1912_StLouisPostDispatch_ElectrifySchool_BenBlewett.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="429" data-original-width="399" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_UNPw-u6ToVmBnbfyt_DEFrnH0Orcdr0hx0yHNyKTE1mecVSdUairy6bFTNSfmQG9X-T1LcdaSX9MWpk9RAvNTIfND9I2ZcjtYZH1ugRobiUcV__LBDhwzzfqUWOT3moAAv1ry9-UzAE/s320/1912_StLouisPostDispatch_ElectrifySchool_BenBlewett.png" width="297" /></a></div>
SUPT. BEN BLEWETT of the St. Louis public schools maintains a rather dubious attitude regarding the proposed electrification of schoolrooms. He had just returned from his summer vacation when asked to tell what he thought of the idea, and he said that he had heard nothing about it. when told that Superintendent Maxwell of the New York schools has approved the forthcoming test, Superintendent Blewett expressed surprise, and suggested that Dr. Maxwell might have been misquoted. The results of the Swedish test, as officially reported, were outlined to him, and he replied with a smile, "Well, you'll have to show me."<br />
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George P. Knox, Assistant Superintendent of Schools, knew of the test in Sweden, and the proposed experiment in New York.<br />
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"I am for anything in experimentation which promises good results," he said, "but there are some things about that proposition that would make me hesitate. For instance, what would be the after effects of this prolonged electric bath--say 25 years from now? We do not know.<br />
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"I was in college when the X-ray was new, and when I recall the terrible effects it had upon some of the experimenters, I am inclined to advise going slowly in the use of electricity upon children. I should not care to trust one of my children to such an experiment. There are so many factors entering into the proposition that the problem is a big one, but if New York tries the experiment, I shall watch it with interest."<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Sunday Magazine, Sep 8, 1912, pg 2.</td></tr>
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Nanette South Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11434453594539343726noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9053425686549922034.post-90377281846794774892017-06-10T22:08:00.003-05:002017-06-10T22:08:54.097-05:00Engineering Quote by Eraldo Banovac<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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"Each type of knowledge has value; however, from an engineering point of view, practical knowledge seems to be more valuable than theoretical knowledge."
― Eraldo BanovacNanette South Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11434453594539343726noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9053425686549922034.post-62297604383567877312017-06-08T11:53:00.000-05:002017-06-08T11:56:07.618-05:00The 1913 Orpheum Theater Steel Frame Collapse, Part 1In 1913, the Orpheum Theater's balcony collapsed in New York City because the high columns were insufficiently braced. This fact was not clear initially and the Engineering News published a comprehensive report of the collapse a year after the occurrence. This article illustrated how important and intense forensic engineering is and has to be. I decided to publish the report in its entirety for Part 1 of this story.<br>
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<b><i>Engineering News</i>, Volume 71, No. 1, Jan. 1, 1914, pgs 34-42.</b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhovKBxTA_B3xontVnfdfKNheavFcbsEq1mwcvAsc_DNkO_B_c7fxnl5RgkSfgANJzP-RlAm4Xtk7f2Jwi4pMts_5rMnlJVbOBUtsTP_lb0KRQaONqc9rgHCrAMk48iP756jKlIuwYmlkc/s1600/EngNews1913_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhovKBxTA_B3xontVnfdfKNheavFcbsEq1mwcvAsc_DNkO_B_c7fxnl5RgkSfgANJzP-RlAm4Xtk7f2Jwi4pMts_5rMnlJVbOBUtsTP_lb0KRQaONqc9rgHCrAMk48iP756jKlIuwYmlkc/s320/EngNews1913_1.jpg" /></a>
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<center>
<b>Report on Collapse of Steel Frame of a Theater; Cause a Mystery</b></center>
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On Jan. 22, 1913, a large new theater in New York City, under construction and nearly completed, was wrecked by the collapse of most of its roof and the interior balcony. Little more than the walls and auditorium floor remained. The collapse occurred only 20 minutes after quitting time and the last of the 200 workmen employed on the building had only just left when the structure fell. Fig. 1 shows the interior just after the collapse.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhouzdxKBz5PfqUM2WZMN83j7UiKKk0T6uXaO54VjIkyBIK9bfg8CgDEfX9NJbapok6nQ9FJC4i5yESZ6KxQf8h7u1IUKJxkdrv99MM1ZofIShsP8iHBeMlqL1FAEkW5uAw7UGqzae-90Q/s1600/EngNews1913_Fig1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhouzdxKBz5PfqUM2WZMN83j7UiKKk0T6uXaO54VjIkyBIK9bfg8CgDEfX9NJbapok6nQ9FJC4i5yESZ6KxQf8h7u1IUKJxkdrv99MM1ZofIShsP8iHBeMlqL1FAEkW5uAw7UGqzae-90Q/s400/EngNews1913_Fig1.jpg" /></a></div>
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<i>Fig. 1. Interior of Orpheum Theater. New York, on day after collapse</i></center>
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A brief account of the accident was published in our issue of Jan. 30, 1913, p. 234, but at that time the steel framing was largely covered by the debris and it was impossible to report on the condition of the parts and the circumstances as shown thereby. Later examination showed a remarkable and puzzling state of affairs. We <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS84P5oXCI-t3aWUeaFXpA02sB0Ih21wr9ImfQS7x7z6b7mN3peMQdu5cuufMvHvcNXE6acPZ19W-ykRTys7IUZERoT87CtZWaUgaWzXTqOVY7RoBkb349X7NhniaCHwPVvhYh4Z4eHIE/s1600/EngNews1913_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS84P5oXCI-t3aWUeaFXpA02sB0Ih21wr9ImfQS7x7z6b7mN3peMQdu5cuufMvHvcNXE6acPZ19W-ykRTys7IUZERoT87CtZWaUgaWzXTqOVY7RoBkb349X7NhniaCHwPVvhYh4Z4eHIE/s320/EngNews1913_2.jpg" /></a> have refrained from dealing with it until the issuance of the report on the collapse by the Bureau of Buildings of Manhattan Borough. This report, rendered last May, by Alfred Ludwig, chief inspector, to R. P. Miller, Superintendent of the Bureau, was not made public until a few weeks ago.<br />
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Other information is also available now: We have secured an opinion from the steel contractors, National Bridge Works, by T. J. Foster, President; and have copies of report made by four consulting engineers retained by the general contractor, Fleischmann Bros. Co., to investigate the collapse: Robt. W. Boyd, Laurence A. Ball, Tho. J. Bard, and Weiskopf & Burroughs, all of New York City. The four investigations were made independently of each other and of the investigations by the Bureau of Buildings and by the steel contractor.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUefQIohrQ2XeA1QPzX1araL7iJV4TrR-wAASebMhaqQt0Xb5JAnchX-vTYmTDlBfqwCmxDS2AaRUtu7HGttrImTjfDu1cC-rVf4RhoXds2FeWstCncCoC6PHFVC9RgZO75z05NuVaTSQ/s1600/EngNews1913_3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUefQIohrQ2XeA1QPzX1araL7iJV4TrR-wAASebMhaqQt0Xb5JAnchX-vTYmTDlBfqwCmxDS2AaRUtu7HGttrImTjfDu1cC-rVf4RhoXds2FeWstCncCoC6PHFVC9RgZO75z05NuVaTSQ/s320/EngNews1913_3.jpg" /></a> The various opinions on the collapse differ radically. The engineers outside of the Bureau of Buildings present <i>three different explanations of cause.</i> Chief Inspector Ludwig's report, on the other hand, considers all three explanations as open to objection, and does not conclude in favor of any. A further remarkable feature of the case is that each of the three explanations is highly interesting in itself, two of them at least involving conditions practically unprecedented in structural failures.<br />
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The points involved in the collapse include: tension failure; buckling of columns; stability of a cantilever system of support; overloading by excess concrete; excessive stresses; and quality of material.<br />
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<b>The Building</b></center>
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The Orpheum Theater, 168-180 East 87th St., New York City, was being built by Fleischman Bros. Co. for the Loew Theatrical Enterprises. Thos. W. Lamb was architect for the latter. The National Bridge Works, <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8TDeWTlxYgDyrzY9VeWB7rIkQxD9wMGzB7VvPZu_VJ_shOV9aThKKA40GMLdGsVAG00b6Af31RWVGOxcXjtbc-PUkl_QCiyvcqlqPwnSC4mm6yaIcBtecA5a0Yhdy_jnOB4W5_X_NdGQ/s1600/EngNews1913_4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8TDeWTlxYgDyrzY9VeWB7rIkQxD9wMGzB7VvPZu_VJ_shOV9aThKKA40GMLdGsVAG00b6Af31RWVGOxcXjtbc-PUkl_QCiyvcqlqPwnSC4mm6yaIcBtecA5a0Yhdy_jnOB4W5_X_NdGQ/s320/EngNews1913_4.jpg" /></a> New York City, built and erected the steelwork. The steel erection was begun in the early part of November 1912, and the last of the truss work was set before the end of December. Floor and roof concrete, plastering, etc., went on in January. On the day of the collapse, the interior trim and some minor framing alone remained to be placed.<br />
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The structural part of the building is drawn in Fig. 2, containing plan of roof, plan of balcony, and longitudinal section. In the two plans the portion which collapsed is indicated.<br />
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The roof over the auditorium was carried by two large transverse trusses, the rear one resting on the side wall and the forward one resting on two columns, each about 7 ft. inward of the walls. The two trusses supported longitudinal secondary trusses and transverse I-beams.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp97yOBPEteWzkSXhWff_dz0xKI0ii3RVUeOEHVO9MvnJC1KhbqcWl0ES8kVQxGgeg-uf3uaUWGNtyWHauoKgclA3SbwCWJR58S-H33p8O11izOrzSRHOUnhnOURba0jJHh0esPwNqgqI/s1600/EngNews1913_roofframing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp97yOBPEteWzkSXhWff_dz0xKI0ii3RVUeOEHVO9MvnJC1KhbqcWl0ES8kVQxGgeg-uf3uaUWGNtyWHauoKgclA3SbwCWJR58S-H33p8O11izOrzSRHOUnhnOURba0jJHh0esPwNqgqI/s400/EngNews1913_roofframing.jpg" /></a></div>
<center>
<i>Fig. 2. Structural Steelwork of Orpheum Theater - Roof Framing (Collapsed Parts Hatched)</i></center>
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The balcony was of the usual cantilever construction. A transverse truss resting on two short columns near the side walls carried the balcony. Three steeply inclined cantilever trusses extended over this transverse truss, their rear ends being attached to the floor framing in the rear part of the theater <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyZbhCqryF_miwnnGLAEl2RUwZHONgH0Ve8GiChPxq2E5uUFEV6OU37K2n8gc0lKzX94f5-bpckwc7yg-hoElTF8Z-z8WxkwLNfWyYR5I2ZqTabToM87cZypyQfzxCNyskv-HWv1V2teo/s1600/EngNews1913_5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyZbhCqryF_miwnnGLAEl2RUwZHONgH0Ve8GiChPxq2E5uUFEV6OU37K2n8gc0lKzX94f5-bpckwc7yg-hoElTF8Z-z8WxkwLNfWyYR5I2ZqTabToM87cZypyQfzxCNyskv-HWv1V2teo/s320/EngNews1913_5.jpg" /></a> at one of the upper levels, while the forward end carried the plate-girder balcony fascia rail. The balcony fascia girder, curving forward along the sides, extended as far as the high columns supporting the forward roof truss, and the ends of the girder were attached to these columns. Some beam framing for boxes at the balcony level between this column and the proscenium wall was not in place at the time of the collapse. With this exception the balcony framing was complete, and, as already mentioned, the concrete floor slab, stepping, etc., was in place.<br />
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The auditorium floor was directly on the ground.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7AQcuyPNQp05oQJRMsblSts7NzUNvNPDNG0PPEY2QksTXzvSqW-zt9pq3lEcPje14rLnPMdY8tOb2MjnKwMLga5pFljOlmqAL1r0syniObbXjP4Gs2TwgNXmht1d2DErdXPXD2vp_od8/s1600/EngNews1913_balconyframing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7AQcuyPNQp05oQJRMsblSts7NzUNvNPDNG0PPEY2QksTXzvSqW-zt9pq3lEcPje14rLnPMdY8tOb2MjnKwMLga5pFljOlmqAL1r0syniObbXjP4Gs2TwgNXmht1d2DErdXPXD2vp_od8/s400/EngNews1913_balconyframing.jpg" /></a></div>
<center>
<i>Fig. 2. Structural Steelwork of Orpheum Theater - Balcony Framing</i></center>
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<center>
<b>The Collapse</b></center>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX3OQgK17g92HpYf5zlVFyd2aaxWVVB62gAnCcsQVukfYGtsAdpVs5XY7g7zPZzhh3mTZnDE3e_Y5ZIOjJdb9Z1QRLNYF3FRlXLoFq13rEMQYP1FXnGDTRumjTBTWOEeWhyphenhyphena0I1LHEgso/s1600/EngNews1913_6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX3OQgK17g92HpYf5zlVFyd2aaxWVVB62gAnCcsQVukfYGtsAdpVs5XY7g7zPZzhh3mTZnDE3e_Y5ZIOjJdb9Z1QRLNYF3FRlXLoFq13rEMQYP1FXnGDTRumjTBTWOEeWhyphenhyphena0I1LHEgso/s320/EngNews1913_6.jpg" /></a> On Jan. 22, 1913, the workmen in the building left at 5 o'clock; about 5:20 the roof and balcony fell in. There was no extra weight on roof or balcony, and everything was quiet a moment prior to the collapse. No indications have been found that point to any kind of violence or malicious damage; the building apparently just broke down. No one was injured.<br />
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The plan sketch, Fig. 3, indicates the lay of the principal <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlKs6f6jKTWf5O1hYFYVs3MxB3BgBFnBokrH9fnJ_Nt9nt1QE0JwpAiREPZBvxhYLOEtf5FMPIBgypy_SDfOIo214t2p0EGdwRL0D8s8BmfrLefq_SrmmOhVhDqQBKgSFkc7nw_ZPfhxM/s1600/EngNews1913_7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlKs6f6jKTWf5O1hYFYVs3MxB3BgBFnBokrH9fnJ_Nt9nt1QE0JwpAiREPZBvxhYLOEtf5FMPIBgypy_SDfOIo214t2p0EGdwRL0D8s8BmfrLefq_SrmmOhVhDqQBKgSFkc7nw_ZPfhxM/s320/EngNews1913_7.jpg" /></a> parts of the fallen framework after the accident, as determined when the concrete, timber and other miscellaneous wreckage had been removed.<br />
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All parts of the roof depending on the forward roof truss (the truss supported on the two long columns) fell; as indicated in Fig. 3, the truss moved back or eastward in the fall, no doubt because the longitudinal trusses pivoted around their attachment to the rear truss until they broke away, and thus pulled the forward truss back. The longitudinal trusses, as well as the forward truss itself, remained whole (without breaks) and still connected to each other at their junctions. The rear <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL9EjJvM_wq9sFdVVFWRNqR9Lpl6vh6scD7kfru5uzIOpEJd_U5bX_NasrB_0-iI5MYL_DTIImJQVPGdxI427iYSPPfbx1m5Hc4Es97wKaoHcZCkklR-EBv-k2Wk58ruljyc7OZEf26Jk/s1600/EngNews1913_8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL9EjJvM_wq9sFdVVFWRNqR9Lpl6vh6scD7kfru5uzIOpEJd_U5bX_NasrB_0-iI5MYL_DTIImJQVPGdxI427iYSPPfbx1m5Hc4Es97wKaoHcZCkklR-EBv-k2Wk58ruljyc7OZEf26Jk/s320/EngNews1913_8.jpg" /></a> truss was somewhat damaged by the wrenching away of the longitudinal trusses, but otherwise stayed in place undisturbed. The two long columns supporting the forward roof truss buckled each in four segments, lying, as indicated in Fig. 3 and shown by Figs. 9 and 10, in the shape of a closely compressed and twisted Z. It was evident that <i>the roof fell because the long columns buckled under it.</i><br />
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The entire balcony fell, with <i>buckling of its two supporting columns</i> and <i>breaking of the main transverse truss in the bottom chord.</i> The structure swung back (east) as the three cantilever trusses remained attached to the upper floor framing at their anchorage end. The south half of the balcony truss came down in practically vertical position, the center and south cantilevers breaking apart through the gusset and flange splice at the angle of the bottom chord. The north cantilever did not break, and tipped the north end of the supporting balcony truss (see Fig. 8) somewhat forward. The breaks in the two southerly cantilevers, being in the lower (compression) chord, doubtless happened when the front ends struck the ground.<br />
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<center>
<i>Fig. 3. Position of Main Structural Parts Collapse (Sketched by R. W. Boyd.)</i></center>
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The balcony fascia girder, 24 in. deep, remained attached to the two roof columns as well as to the three cantilever trusses. It was folded back on the balcony cantilevers in the middle portion.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnG8MOmNt2kNCHEABeVa9Iu44ZVt-y9Y2iT-evypJAWVcolOCURpSBUIRahWWaEeZGBkUYlGTPM5QlnNWbf70J0XdCB-wunzNwT_2S32UUX7nWygJITMfZLctc73VXPBz9EfgtozsLXGY/s1600/EngNews1913_9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnG8MOmNt2kNCHEABeVa9Iu44ZVt-y9Y2iT-evypJAWVcolOCURpSBUIRahWWaEeZGBkUYlGTPM5QlnNWbf70J0XdCB-wunzNwT_2S32UUX7nWygJITMfZLctc73VXPBz9EfgtozsLXGY/s320/EngNews1913_9.jpg" /></a>
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<center>
<b>Principal Breaks</b></center>
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The facts concerning the three important points of failure in the collapsed steelwork are noted as follows:<br />
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BALCONY TRUSS--Bottom chord broken squarely in two on the center line of the field splice, located between middle and north cantilevers. Just above here, top chord bent and partly broken, and several web members bent or broken (Figs. 6 and 7). Vertical of web showed well contracted tension failure, with reverse bends at top and bottom. Truss remained connected to its supporting columns at the end, except that the bottom-chord attachment at the south column was wrenched off, the column buckling between the two chords as well as below the truss. Truss chords of T-section (two angles, stem-plate and flange-plate). Bottom-chord splice which broke comprised side splice-plates and flange splice-plates. Break was clean and square, through rivet holes nearest the joint, the fracture faces of crystalline texture. Spliced chord-section was 2 angles 8 x 8 x 3/4 in., 1 web 18 x 3/4 in., 1 flange-plate 18 x 3/8 in.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOg1Ljz4arWrTj8B85SD1ordy6o54Yy5f0lFM9jWyiolcJJFyX4GEl2xD3_Z3dALjHiEbeFQXNL0Bk-XGEvP4y0IP5EwJQTTtZgT4r_Vvfhcost6pKxc3aF889UEJVBbm87yyNAH03Lu0/s1600/EngNews1913_Fig4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOg1Ljz4arWrTj8B85SD1ordy6o54Yy5f0lFM9jWyiolcJJFyX4GEl2xD3_Z3dALjHiEbeFQXNL0Bk-XGEvP4y0IP5EwJQTTtZgT4r_Vvfhcost6pKxc3aF889UEJVBbm87yyNAH03Lu0/s320/EngNews1913_Fig4.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<i>Fig. 4. Position and Bracing of Roof Column<br />(Dotted lines in plan of bracing indicate axis said to be least braced.)</i></center>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUmM24eapexIkoVlYwAuTAowH0NlHhmC7fw5sSrMRRja7jPg8dXDpbiv2Km8hhOfef5vCfsUyk-rtWi6hRgN1qiRhvKcw8pPYft3Nxh821toYF8c-Vjau0AwTo7EqTRY7Gwoa6TRaASL8/s1600/EngNews1913_10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUmM24eapexIkoVlYwAuTAowH0NlHhmC7fw5sSrMRRja7jPg8dXDpbiv2Km8hhOfef5vCfsUyk-rtWi6hRgN1qiRhvKcw8pPYft3Nxh821toYF8c-Vjau0AwTo7EqTRY7Gwoa6TRaASL8/s320/EngNews1913_10.jpg" /></a> BALCONY-TRUSS COLUMNS--Length 18 ft. from base to bottom chord of truss, 27 ft. from base to top chord. Section H-shaped, 12 x 12 in. (four angles and web plate). Cap plate of column 6 ft. above bottom chord of truss, and upper joint of truss developed into a shoe with flat base seated on the column cap and riveted to it (Fig. 12). Both columns broke or buckled at the bottom chord of the truss, and the south column also buckled at its cap (see views Figs. 13 and 11). The base of the south column moved off its grillage, but remained just alongside; the north column slipped far away from its grillage. The columns were unbraced, except by their connection to the balcony floor-slab, and at the top by a strut to the wall.<br />
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<i>Figs. 5-8. Break and Distortion of Transverse Truss Under Balcony, Orpheum Theater<br />(South column at left, has been blamed for the collapse.)</i></center>
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ROOF COLUMNS--Section H-shaped (four angles and web-plate). 12 x 12 in.; length 60 ft. from base to bottom chord of roof truss. Cap, and connection to truss, similar to detailing of balcony columns. Each column was held at top and bottom and at two intermediate <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg3AzNTgtgB6aBzxfsr00JPcZD71E_iu-axnqunZ36-A2865vRmRe9XNFmX_A0WzznTIuukOBydliXIBJy1FUc5pYoyvC_zZ4crLusZzUge0y7Xvgxp386CCWXbtateswzPo34IGYhgek/s1600/EngNews1913_11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg3AzNTgtgB6aBzxfsr00JPcZD71E_iu-axnqunZ36-A2865vRmRe9XNFmX_A0WzznTIuukOBydliXIBJy1FUc5pYoyvC_zZ4crLusZzUge0y7Xvgxp386CCWXbtateswzPo34IGYhgek/s320/EngNews1913_11.jpg" /></a> points. The points of bending or buckling <i>in both columns</i> are at the two points of bracing (the lower one where the balcony fascia girder was attached and the upper one where a 15-in. I-beam strut to the proscenium girder was <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-8vjPsDa5W-NqG1y871zk13Mk2fFkR3JCl5IfPGvz6LR5n-42fC7q5pl3ArJ0ShgTeMhgpC-PYiJhXtwCJKyNdIo9CAqZq-DR0NktX45eNp78OlUDcwrVu_42qYPOx7XymMrQIcxATjg/s1600/EngNews1913_12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-8vjPsDa5W-NqG1y871zk13Mk2fFkR3JCl5IfPGvz6LR5n-42fC7q5pl3ArJ0ShgTeMhgpC-PYiJhXtwCJKyNdIo9CAqZq-DR0NktX45eNp78OlUDcwrVu_42qYPOx7XymMrQIcxATjg/s320/EngNews1913_12.jpg" /></a> attached), and at the bottom chord of the roof truss. The location and character of the bracing is shown by Fig. 1.<br />
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The tops of the columns remained attached to the roof truss, and the bases remained close to their grillages, but tore away from them, without, however, destroying the footings. In addition, the columns showed some twist around the longitudinal axis. The general <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP2sGc9avFTnKuVzx_JxgKCf5x36s6PPpGupLtvJ6YHdliIiV6Ffbeu2FMZx6VxnnHhOJ91C-dotX78rN3GXd44bus589-vHIy9ao7VUj0_YvlEXawZf6MqZiQn4JXRGbiyQFVHFzIi1k/s1600/EngNews1913_13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP2sGc9avFTnKuVzx_JxgKCf5x36s6PPpGupLtvJ6YHdliIiV6Ffbeu2FMZx6VxnnHhOJ91C-dotX78rN3GXd44bus589-vHIy9ao7VUj0_YvlEXawZf6MqZiQn4JXRGbiyQFVHFzIi1k/s320/EngNews1913_13.jpg" /></a> lay of these columns is shown in Fig. 3. Figs. 9, 10 and 11 are views of these columns.<br />
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<center>
<b>Conditions Existing Before Collapse</b></center>
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OVERLOADING BY EXCESS CONCRETE--The New York Building Code allows a steel stress of 16,000 lb. per sq.in. The transverse truss of the balcony at the time of the collapse was stressed in many of its main members to from 22,000 to 24,000 lb. per sq.in., and this with no live-load on the floor. The bottom-chord splice of the balcony truss was stressed to 22,000 lb. per sq.in. The cantilever trusses were similarly overstressed.<br />
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The balcony columns also were overloaded. A careful estimate of the actual weight in place, by Asst. Engr. E. F. Hammel, of the Bureau of Buildings, showed a load of 365,000 lb. on each column (R. W. Boyd estimated 396,000 lb.) equivalent to 14,600 (15,850) lb. per sq.in., which is 50% higher than permissible under the Building Code and about the same amount higher than the designed dead-and live-load.<br />
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The two tall roof-columns were loaded above balcony level to 166,000 (151,500) lb., equivalent to 7800 (7150) lb. per sq.in. This is higher than intended by the design. The relation of load to probable capacity of these columns is a delicate question on account of their indeterminate bracing. The load at time of collapse was about equal to the designed dead- and live-load.<br />
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<center>
<i>FIGS. 9 AND 10. BUCKLED COLUMNS OF ROOF TRUSS, ORPHEUM THEATER COLLAPSE<br />(Seen looking east, toward balcony. North column, at left, is shown again on the next page.)</i></center>
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Part of the over-stressing was due to underestimate of proper load and errors of calculation. Most of it, however, was due to great overloading by <i>excessive thickness of concrete,</i> fireproofing, slabs and filling.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTUJoxJkrA0kOXLYkHKNly-GU7GM5GNafczO4fjRxMkgZ0viebVEA6Xy9WMxTFchE0BvNRIDo_li2NrT9JfL6Md4eNQj7NYfviaAW1QIt8KRaVrj5rvVH3ehlttvJmP2C6YbNZaWeFviQ/s1600/EngNews1913_14.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTUJoxJkrA0kOXLYkHKNly-GU7GM5GNafczO4fjRxMkgZ0viebVEA6Xy9WMxTFchE0BvNRIDo_li2NrT9JfL6Md4eNQj7NYfviaAW1QIt8KRaVrj5rvVH3ehlttvJmP2C6YbNZaWeFviQ/s320/EngNews1913_14.jpg" /></a> BRACING OF ROOF COLUMNS (Fig. 4)--Each column was made in two erection pieces, joined by a field splice just below the balcony fascia-girder attachment. The upper section had a shop splice near the upper bracing point. The web of the H-section of the column was north-south, i.e., transverse to the building. In this transverse direction the column was held (between base and cap) only at the balcony level, by the fascia-girder attachment and by an 8-in. I-beam strut running to the wall and intended to be anchored to the wall. R. W. Boyd reports this strut in the case of the north column <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwWjEX88ptZrElcsWvaxag-Nnsy6KrBYjwlDdcc1_iwkGMjg_i2mVlcPD76xVURWRA3JULQ9D372JVJ92AW0P0Dl0U76uq1CQn8S6K8vsEIeCUwdxF5xEShH7RUAoT9uGvLiz7fgFIU4c/s1600/EngNews1913_15.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwWjEX88ptZrElcsWvaxag-Nnsy6KrBYjwlDdcc1_iwkGMjg_i2mVlcPD76xVURWRA3JULQ9D372JVJ92AW0P0Dl0U76uq1CQn8S6K8vsEIeCUwdxF5xEShH7RUAoT9uGvLiz7fgFIU4c/s320/EngNews1913_15.jpg" /></a> as not being bricked into the wall but simply set into a recess.<br />
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In the east-west direction, i.e., at right angles to its web, the column was braced at the balcony level (about 19 ft. above its base) by the attachment of the balcony fascia-girder to one flange of the column, through a 15-in. channel connection about 10 in. long. About 19 ft. above this point it was braced forward to the truss over the proscenium opening by a 15-in. I-beam strut: this was about 19 ft. below the roof truss.<br />
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CONDITIONS AT BALCONY TRUSS COLUMNS--The balcony truss columns were unbraced between base and cap, and, due to the elastic distortion of the balcony framing, the columns would be subjected to some shift of the top and consequently exposed to bending stresses. The connection of the truss shoe to the top of this column being formed by riveting together the flat shoe-plates and by a splice-plate outside, the column can be regarded as continuous from top of truss to base of column, or 27 ft. long. This column was held to the balcony by its attachment to the balcony truss, by a clip-angle connection to a 15-in. I-beam curb, and by a 12-in. beam to the <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNRUWQCCm4TNOHW9QdKCAifgoUr-1cOlIUKSlLw7mVop-50ExOOFD0_Vn-ax_zcXQtSYSQCNJ5Xk7_WP3Tjrh4NG3LUtunm_Q1q8Kz1k8zDc1rAbtwkTyCn9eZ7jrAlH_YwKhCjkDz6g4/s1600/EngNews1913_16.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNRUWQCCm4TNOHW9QdKCAifgoUr-1cOlIUKSlLw7mVop-50ExOOFD0_Vn-ax_zcXQtSYSQCNJ5Xk7_WP3Tjrh4NG3LUtunm_Q1q8Kz1k8zDc1rAbtwkTyCn9eZ7jrAlH_YwKhCjkDz6g4/s320/EngNews1913_16.jpg" /></a> wall just below the top chord, with connection to longitudinal mezzanine framing.<br />
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<center>
<b>Causes of Collapse</b></center>
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The various reports describe the materials and workmanship of the structure as excellent. The column foundations also being found in good shape when the wreck-pile had been explored, there remained for consideration only the three main failures: roof-columns, balcony-columns and balcony-truss. The conditions existing in the structure were such that any one of the three causes might have been the primary happening, and in each case the general result would have been about that displayed by the collapse.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-pjLdgi-6WzrGolcNW4ZQSolv9VhnoPF06YZSQTLrZhk8JUcXJYo0g8BnxFwKmTB2flq-RBvvDA8BG4Xq7WPl-dpGly_cNGc-v9mQBI0irdEAeuDQasLta_9CvSfmu6aLAzN0Tj0TdPc/s1600/EngNews1913_Fig11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-pjLdgi-6WzrGolcNW4ZQSolv9VhnoPF06YZSQTLrZhk8JUcXJYo0g8BnxFwKmTB2flq-RBvvDA8BG4Xq7WPl-dpGly_cNGc-v9mQBI0irdEAeuDQasLta_9CvSfmu6aLAzN0Tj0TdPc/s400/EngNews1913_Fig11.jpg" /></a></div>
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<center>
<i>FIG. 11. NORTH ROOF COLUMN (COL. 2)</i></center>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVBZSUkk-q7fEG7qq2kkuMTs9UvoEM3e49JSteMd45frNsJqptrWsK6NVbh48yqFIoOzOhnV7y0yeuXSKwQhIgGFVnlg3XHKe-RgTZ56KE1PVExMLfxlXP171YDeJz3qT1_WZ96kwVBN8/s1600/EngNews1913_17.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVBZSUkk-q7fEG7qq2kkuMTs9UvoEM3e49JSteMd45frNsJqptrWsK6NVbh48yqFIoOzOhnV7y0yeuXSKwQhIgGFVnlg3XHKe-RgTZ56KE1PVExMLfxlXP171YDeJz3qT1_WZ96kwVBN8/s320/EngNews1913_17.jpg" /></a>
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<center>
<b>Buckling of the Long Roof Columns</b></center>
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Three of the consulting engineers reporting to Fleischmann Bros. Co. blame the buckling of the roof columns for the start of the collapse. One of the engineers singles out the north column (Col. 2).<br />
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Weiskopf & Burroughs state essentially:<br />
<blockquote>
Had these columns been properly supported at about the third-points they would not have failed, and we are of the opinion that good and sufficient supports could have been provided. Considering the fact that the lateral supports for the columns were connected eccentrically, we are of the opinion that these columns had very little, if any, support at these points. ...Our conclusion is that incipient failure was due to insufficient lateral support of Cols. 1 and 2 and that the remainder of the collapse followed as a natural sequence. It is, of course, impossible to conclude which column failed first.</blockquote>
L. A. Ball reports as follows:<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRaFhwXLozA691qg8682cGcmsT_HW6hkGYeaBloVikdMuyWKc2GmtB5oT8gZMR_HAOFVTKY_buRs8CPqYduyvEFSk0LQzSOonWdp3xG-wnmTCiMIiPbQhyphenhyphenB91gJtx17J4nYbd9OIsLPGE/s1600/EngNews1913_18.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRaFhwXLozA691qg8682cGcmsT_HW6hkGYeaBloVikdMuyWKc2GmtB5oT8gZMR_HAOFVTKY_buRs8CPqYduyvEFSk0LQzSOonWdp3xG-wnmTCiMIiPbQhyphenhyphenB91gJtx17J4nYbd9OIsLPGE/s320/EngNews1913_18.jpg" /></a>
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<blockquote>
In my opinion this collapse was due to the faulty design of the structural steelwork in not providing sufficient bracing for Cols. 1 and 2. The bracing which was provided was not only inadequate, but increased the tendency of these columns to buckle, and inasmuch as these columns were not adequately braced they were virtually unsupported from top to bottom and just prior to the time of the collapse had reached a point of incipient failure due to the dead-load intensified by the eccentric connection of the balcony fascia support.</blockquote>
The case for the failure of the roof columns is given most fully by R. W. Boyd, who refers specifically to the north column:<br />
<blockquote>
At the time of collapse this column above the balcony was carrying a load of approximately 76 tons and was being subjected to a compressive stress of 7140 lb. per sq.in. The connection of the fascia girder with the column added an additional load. ...Assuming the 8-in. beam at the fascia-girder connection as of no value as a tie or strut, as was the case (the beam not having been bricked into the pilaster), Col. 2 throughout practically its full height was free to deflect in a direction perpendicular to an axis approximately parallel with the 15-in. I-beam at the level of the proscenium girder. It will be seen that the fascia girder connection and the connection of the 15-in. I-beam provided little, if any, restraining influence against deflection in a direction perpendicular to this axis. The radius of gyration of the column section about this axis, as indicated in the sketch, was approximately 4.58 in. Assuming the column as unsupported from the top of the grillage to the first rivet-hole in the connection for the bottom chord of roof truss, it will be noted that the column had a ratio 1/r of approximately 156.
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisQBIw6HVCBjPMpnSTPFWJBY4xdG1SotBu3hicTgU_WdnhnyU_W4uOzv2OH1vPoGQZbVIsAh5ddnEG2wcIZJLSdWoJAX-RULSCPYe_XmMewdVMLREFC53cZ__wBbuc1hLjCzGHWjFh8bs/s1600/EngNews1913_19.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisQBIw6HVCBjPMpnSTPFWJBY4xdG1SotBu3hicTgU_WdnhnyU_W4uOzv2OH1vPoGQZbVIsAh5ddnEG2wcIZJLSdWoJAX-RULSCPYe_XmMewdVMLREFC53cZ__wBbuc1hLjCzGHWjFh8bs/s320/EngNews1913_19.jpg" /></a>
Section 138 of the Building Code fixes the safe unit-stress in columns as 15,200 -- 58 1/4. limiting the value of 1/r to 120. From the figures given above it is apparent that this column as constructed was beyond the limits of the Building Code formula. Applying the formula, however, for purposes of comparison only, we find that the safe stress for the column was 6150 lb. The actual stress (7140) exceeded this figure by approximately 16%. In the case of a column such as the one in question designed with a single web and with a maximum diameter of 12 3/4 in. and a total unsupported length of nearly 60 ft. and built up in three sections with riveted splices, I am of the opinion that even a ratio of 1/r of 120 is excessive, and notwithstanding the provision of the Building Code a column under such circumstances should be designed on a much more conservative basis. With such a column, considerations such as the liability of inaccuracy of fabrication, the danger of damage in handling, and the great difficulty in making two splices so that the axis when erected is a straight line and truly vertical are of much greater importance in the determination of the safe stress than a theoretical column formula based on more or less ideal conditions. Col. 2 under the imposed load was, in my opinion, in a dangerous condition * * * *<br />
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An examination of the construction adjoining the columns and rigidly connected thereto by means of riveted joints reveals a condition which, in my judgment, provided a considerable disturbing influence, and was the immediate cause of failure of one of the columns * * * * Under actual load, the ends of the side cantilevers deflected vertically about 2 1/2 in. and moved horizontally toward the east about 3/4 in.
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKQUMpMiI0dxScKIHfUoHcVIUGszU7SYLDT8NSxdQGwxmQVgW7GynnPV1X99d7c0Nt5TAIjS-aHc47qtqJTtP2Y99AcC_TWtufV6ERnodJe35pIqwD8OJcYT4pk7NXv0akxk9rCSLeIHY/s1600/EngNews1913_20.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKQUMpMiI0dxScKIHfUoHcVIUGszU7SYLDT8NSxdQGwxmQVgW7GynnPV1X99d7c0Nt5TAIjS-aHc47qtqJTtP2Y99AcC_TWtufV6ERnodJe35pIqwD8OJcYT4pk7NXv0akxk9rCSLeIHY/s320/EngNews1913_20.jpg" /></a>
The center cantilever deflected vertically about 3 5/8 in. and moved horizontally toward the east 1/8 in. (See note) This displacement of the ends of the cantilevers produced considerable movement in the fascia girder to which the cantilevers were rigidly riveted. The fascia girder in turn transmitted this movement to Cols. 1 and 2 to which it was attached by connections having the form and value of lever arms. * * * *<br />
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In my opinion the conditions at Cols. 1 and 2: The construction of the columns themselves, their high ratio of slenderness, the excessive unit-stresses, and the disturbing influence of the balcony cantilever, were responsible for the collapse of the theater, the collapse beginning with the failure of Col. 2. * * * *<br />
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The fascia girder forming the balcony rail in collapsing was bent back over the overhanging portions of the cantilever trusses. Had the balcony hit the auditorium floor before being struck by the roof it is apparent that this fascia girder would have been bent in the opposite direction. It should be noted in addition that in all of the cantilever girders the beam portion at the outer end shows a tension break in the top chord at its junction with the truss portion of the cantilever, indicating an excessive top-chord tension at some time during collapse. This could easily have been caused by a severe blow at the outer end of the cantilevers when the roof struck the balcony and could scarcely have been caused had the balcony struck the auditorium floor first. * * * *</blockquote>
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<center>
<i>FIG. 12. BALCONY COLUMN</i></center>
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Chief Inspector Ludwig's report says in part concerning this column:<br />
<blockquote>
It will be noted that only one flange of the column was braced, and that very inadequately. If the lower bracing had been in, the column would have been materially strengthened.
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHT5-tSUnm5rDeVfg7GW_36o7A1zK8KJmh_ATUY2XP0gnw5rUmqNPqc3MdEwkB6H74Rr95uIxtb7-v55i0Oai4SKZqJKlMUAGBZOIKXw-Z-_hTlgxrLbXY_uitmZl0hPvCD1TUZn7IwH8/s1600/EngNews1913_21.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHT5-tSUnm5rDeVfg7GW_36o7A1zK8KJmh_ATUY2XP0gnw5rUmqNPqc3MdEwkB6H74Rr95uIxtb7-v55i0Oai4SKZqJKlMUAGBZOIKXw-Z-_hTlgxrLbXY_uitmZl0hPvCD1TUZn7IwH8/s320/EngNews1913_21.jpg" /></a>
To all intents and purposes the column had an unsupported length of over 60 ft., and its sectional area should have been determined by that length, instead of considering the bracing provided as effective and using the reduced lengths, as was apparently done.<br />
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The least radius of gyration of the column is about 2.54 in., and if the length be taken in round numbers at 60 ft. the value of 1/r is found to be equal to 283 instead of 120 as permitted under the Building Code. The actual load on the columns at the time of the collapse as nearly as can be estimated amounted to about 83 tons or 166,000 lb. The sectional area of the column is 21.22 sq.in., hence the load is 7823 lb. per sq.in.<br />
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These two columns were apparently the weakest link in the chain, and in consequence many have concluded that to the crippling or buckling of these columns, the initial failure was due. While theoretically it would appear that the columns should have failed under the load, yet nevertheless there is serious doubt as to whether or not this happened. An inspection of the columns after the collapse failed to show conclusively any such crippling or buckling as would naturally be expected. The columns are bent only at points of attachment of the bracing, such as it was; between these points comparatively little distortion was noted. The bends in the two columns are very similar.<br />
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Of the several theories advanced, not one is conclusive or satisfies all conditions.</blockquote>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGgy57RTf6YzSWfxEcdDkjNwbgbCErfdVcowkZEqX7sIxUfMyQ-QIFx-T0zjDDi7V2xFaMCGLGtkY2_IZfcHhLT2-n0pRxrExa1KV75UhMjJ2wTCHOObsPnfKzDU4_awy-ImG8vNAiS50/s1600/EngNews1913_22.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGgy57RTf6YzSWfxEcdDkjNwbgbCErfdVcowkZEqX7sIxUfMyQ-QIFx-T0zjDDi7V2xFaMCGLGtkY2_IZfcHhLT2-n0pRxrExa1KV75UhMjJ2wTCHOObsPnfKzDU4_awy-ImG8vNAiS50/s320/EngNews1913_22.jpg" /></a> In spite of this agnostic conclusion, Mr. Ludwig says farther on, in drawing conclusions as to better construction:<br />
<blockquote>
If the box type of column had been used in this instance instead of the H type, it is extremely probable that no collapse would have occured.</blockquote>
With regard to the amount of bracing supplied both here and at the balcony truss columns, he considers that sufficient care had not been given to providing adequate bracing. He does not go into detail on this point, however. Earlier in the report, as quoted above, he says that in his opinion the roof columns should have been calculated as if unsupported laterally between their ends.<br />
<br />
To supplement the various opinions on the failure of these roof columns above stated, one consideration must be mentioned that bears on the question whether the roof or the balcony fell first. Attention has already been directed to the fact that the roof columns did not buckle <i>between</i> bracing, but at the braced points. This is in itself peculiar, and hard to explain as a primary action. But in any event it means that if buckling of these columns was the first of the sequence, it must have occurred <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDHC2DnZ3f59f5KGyh76cklrHjF8Fv_S82YaQWTvRszEU1f6dlfQ0iM86wL4OZ1FSYIgZWDwPcb7Je_xvKoM-5G6qQnfsheGlW2h_6-t2m3XDt3FhZIM8ljKUpmIiLUuGf7izCOFqfGA4/s1600/EngNews1913_23.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDHC2DnZ3f59f5KGyh76cklrHjF8Fv_S82YaQWTvRszEU1f6dlfQ0iM86wL4OZ1FSYIgZWDwPcb7Je_xvKoM-5G6qQnfsheGlW2h_6-t2m3XDt3FhZIM8ljKUpmIiLUuGf7izCOFqfGA4/s320/EngNews1913_23.jpg" /></a> through the lateral yielding at one of the braced points, with the instantaneous development of the buckling at this point into complete failure. Therefore, the corresponding braced point must be found in the wreckage somewhere far out of line of its original location, and torn away from its bracing.<br />
<br />
Refer to the plan, Fig. 3, showing the lay of the principal parts of the wreckage and Fig. 1, showing the points of attachment of bracing to the roof columns. At the upper braced point the column was held by the proscenium strut in one direction and was free in the other direction. The most probable buckling is transverse to the proscenium brace and therefore the point where the proscenium brace is attached to the column should be found far over to the north or south. This is not the case, the point in question lying fairly well under its original location. If the column, however, failed in the east-west direction (i.e., in the line of the proscenium brace), this brace would be pulled far away from the proscenium wall or pushed back into it. Neither event happened, as the sketch fairly well indicates, in either <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAO66Otndk8EeYyt_vCAGaORdsW2VqkkPKnMahfWURG8VpIZbU5dg8AlVfcsHimHSkkbQiQGKib4LsDS2hCIrDRShq6mL4TVUnklEac1xJ5Lby76raf-YGgVS96Xj3WC0fMAMThlnfWas/s1600/EngNews1913_24.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAO66Otndk8EeYyt_vCAGaORdsW2VqkkPKnMahfWURG8VpIZbU5dg8AlVfcsHimHSkkbQiQGKib4LsDS2hCIrDRShq6mL4TVUnklEac1xJ5Lby76raf-YGgVS96Xj3WC0fMAMThlnfWas/s320/EngNews1913_24.jpg" /></a> of the two columns. At the lower braced point, where the fascia girder was attached, failure in north-south direction (transverse to the plane of the fascia-girder attachment) would have thrown this point of the column very far north or south. The aspect of the wreckage does not suggest such action. The entire situation, in fact, is out of harmony with the theory of primary roof-column failure, while agreeing with the view that the balcony failed initially and through the attachment of its fascia girder to the roof columns pulled these out of line and brought down the roof.<br />
<br />
<center>
<b>Failure of Balcony Column</b></center>
<br />
T. J. Foster (National Bridge Works) finds the explanation of the collapse in buckling of the balcony-truss columns (Cols. 3 and 4). As already mentioned, these columns were loaded to 15,000-16,000 lb. per sq.in. Fig. 12 shows the arrangement of one of these columns with respect to the balcony truss. The H-section of the column and the weakness of the outstanding legs of the angles against local crippling under bending stresses is <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbdoiWs5xRElEQnt5e5ouLOUtjyDjpNtW1KmgS3pKnfIQvMdBACBpaqcyDVqOTzJfNwh3hj_mXEEixp2f6tDz1bvqV0WXxrozEvc47Gqt9Qd7AwjU0ifvBJigvGggUjYIB8jSsukZ3pzg/s1600/EngNews1913_25.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbdoiWs5xRElEQnt5e5ouLOUtjyDjpNtW1KmgS3pKnfIQvMdBACBpaqcyDVqOTzJfNwh3hj_mXEEixp2f6tDz1bvqV0WXxrozEvc47Gqt9Qd7AwjU0ifvBJigvGggUjYIB8jSsukZ3pzg/s320/EngNews1913_25.jpg" /></a> emphasized by Mr. Foster as well as the fact that the column was not braced except by its attachment to the truss, the truss being braced through its connection to the general balcony floor framing. Deflection of the truss in its vertical plane and movement of the truss backward through the general deflection of the balcony and the pivoting around the rear of the cantilever trusses is held to have subjected these columns to a bending and tipping action initiating failure of the outstanding legs of the column angles just under the bottom chord of the balcony truss. Mr. Foster's statement follows:<br />
<blockquote>
The only explanation of the position of the balcony columns with respect to the balcony truss, the top chord of the balcony truss not being buckled, the excessive amount of loose concrete along the south side of the truss, and the break in the bottom chord of the
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuRwE1rQeyMUdr9guofC_Dmvt-BMYulkSVVVN-fqbc47iOfy56N_jsjS6cRNBt9fwmZKQs3ICajeQRVD6sqd1ddAfrr-_s9rRrF7aRLGIZ9nR37flwQxQJyO53ok6sqyR9p2MuBXEB3MU/s1600/EngNews1913_26.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuRwE1rQeyMUdr9guofC_Dmvt-BMYulkSVVVN-fqbc47iOfy56N_jsjS6cRNBt9fwmZKQs3ICajeQRVD6sqd1ddAfrr-_s9rRrF7aRLGIZ9nR37flwQxQJyO53ok6sqyR9p2MuBXEB3MU/s320/EngNews1913_26.jpg" /></a>
truss showing a break by shock, is that the south column failed first.<br />
<br />
In looking for the cause of the failure of the south column, we find that the column was not overloaded in direct compression although the load actually on it at the time of the failure was greater than the estimated load that was to come on the column. We find that the deflection of the balcony truss at its center under its figured load would be about 5/8 in., and under the load actually on it at the time of the failure this deflection was no doubt over an inch. On account of the great slope of the balcony and the rigid connection of the cantilevers at the rear, a vertical deflection would cause almost the same horizontal deflection. The steel was also so thoroughly encased in concrete that this truss probably did not bow as much as if it was not incased, causing the truss to be pulled back for its entire length and causing an eccentric loading on the columns.<br />
<br />
There was no bracing of any description to prevent the movement of the steel to the rear. The excess loading on the balcony must have caused deflection. This deflection must have been transmitted to the columns. It could not be transmitted to the columns without the balcony truss moving toward the rear of the building because the cantilevers were rigidly connected to the columns in the rear, and the great slope of the balcony with no bracing allowed the deflection caused by the great weight to push everything back.<br />
<br />
That the collapse came when it did may be due in part to the influence of blasting. On the day of the collapse half a dozen or more blasts were set off in the rear part of the
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3aJPjGb8as3h8HZGPBansGvNH3J8c112BsBRbogF3svPNHDeCpmRFywaJ90fN3KDpdX1Kxik0mBU4hjjqPQrYACYhfUIqXtyxt1NlwC-GYp0HxadYUjhC4m1cwqOKMRMLEAwAKzO_9IU/s1600/EngNews1913_27.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3aJPjGb8as3h8HZGPBansGvNH3J8c112BsBRbogF3svPNHDeCpmRFywaJ90fN3KDpdX1Kxik0mBU4hjjqPQrYACYhfUIqXtyxt1NlwC-GYp0HxadYUjhC4m1cwqOKMRMLEAwAKzO_9IU/s320/EngNews1913_27.jpg" /></a>
theater, several of them late in the afternoon. The development of strains and deflections in the balcony structure would undoubtedly be hastened by the shocks of blasting. A resulting sudden shift would suffice to bring the balcony columns instantaneously to the crippling point, in view of their condition.</blockquote>
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<center>
<i>FIGS. 13 AND 14. THE BALCONY COLUMNS AFTER THE COLLAPSE, SEEN LOOKING TOWARD STAGE.<br />(South column at left; this has been blamed for the collapse.)</i></center>
<br />
This theory is illustrated by the right-hand sketch in Fig. 12, indicating probable conditions of deflection. The top chord of the truss was so closely associated to the balcony slab that, if the slab just over the column moved back, the top chord must have moved back with it. The bottom chord, however, could twist between column and <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH7cOggxwAmj-On3r1rRVKysDzCE0gfgORbHHW7n4_pp2jO52LaCQGwbKWo1E_9mblN-UeiaAKlJFlEpNpf6wQZxypOAOC7MSeULelvENt3so0Srd9pUiJdZDu8I24FRcOCANFmVoeyzs/s1600/EngNews1913_28.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH7cOggxwAmj-On3r1rRVKysDzCE0gfgORbHHW7n4_pp2jO52LaCQGwbKWo1E_9mblN-UeiaAKlJFlEpNpf6wQZxypOAOC7MSeULelvENt3so0Srd9pUiJdZDu8I24FRcOCANFmVoeyzs/s320/EngNews1913_28.jpg" /></a> nearest cantilever truss to suit the deflection curve of the column; thus the end portion of the truss became warped, and the column was subjected to a bending moment.<br />
<br />
Henry W. Hodge, of the consulting firm of Boller, Hodge & Baird, examined the wreck with Mr. Foster, but did not go into calculations on the design. He also reached the conclusion that the balcony columns buckled first.<br />
<br />
R. W. Boyd considers this theory and concludes against it:<br />
<blockquote>
My computation of the actual load on the column at the time of failure indicates that the load was approximately 198 tons, the actual intensity of stress in the column being approximately 15,900 lb. per sq.in. While this stress is greatly in excess of what should be allowed in safe design I am of the opinion that in the absence of a disturbing influence the column could not have failed under this stress. The movements were so minute that they could not have raised the stress in the column to an extent sufficient to have caused failure. * * * * In my judgment primary failure did not occur in either Col. 3 or 4.</blockquote>
Chief Inspector Ludwig disposes of this theory with the following comment:<br />
<blockquote>
The deflection at the center of the balcony truss was slightly less that 1 3/4 in., and that of the side cantilevers about 1/2 in, and this latter, while undoubtedly having a tendency to produce a bending in the column, hardly seems sufficient to have caused the initial failure, especially if we take into consideration the weakness of the attachment of the bottom chord of the truss to the column. It is, of course, possible that the direct load on the column (366,000 lb.) in conjunction with the horizontal component due to bending may have been sufficient, but it seems remote.</blockquote>
In considering the balcony column with regard to length, slenderness and buckling, it is probable that the square seating of the truss shoe on the column, with rivets connecting them, made the entire combination a column <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_PkzLbNCM2jA6qtj0-MF2Ou8M1prZZ5yg7qVnt3qbITwgsF4tWZf5E3VxBYKZphUao1Ml3UC8dUSXRbB_O6YhsM33z9FgOlIhNpO4zads1BVV2vHn_U8YgQa5SHJ1nVVzt_Bx0Hc0O6U/s1600/EngNews1913_29.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_PkzLbNCM2jA6qtj0-MF2Ou8M1prZZ5yg7qVnt3qbITwgsF4tWZf5E3VxBYKZphUao1Ml3UC8dUSXRbB_O6YhsM33z9FgOlIhNpO4zads1BVV2vHn_U8YgQa5SHJ1nVVzt_Bx0Hc0O6U/s320/EngNews1913_29.jpg" /></a> from grillage up to top chord. This column, about 27 ft. long, held at the bottom by its anchor bolts and at the top by its close association to the balcony slab must have failed (if at all) by direct buckling under quiescent load, that was central except for the slight east-west bending produced by the twist of the truss. (See note) Buckling of a short solid-web column at 16,000-lb. loading with only minor bending, is not on record, so far as we know.<br />
<br />
<center>
<b>Tension Failure in Balcony Truss</b></center>
<br />
The report of Thos. J. Bird to the Fleischmann Bros. Co. states that the balcony truss failed in its tension-chord splice, and that this caused the collapse. He gives the following reasons for his conclusion:<br />
<blockquote>
1. The net area of the splice material in the bottom chord of the transverse balcony truss is considerably greater than the net area of the main section of the bottom chord, proving that the splice material must have been imperfect, or failure would have occurred in the main section before it would have occurred in the splice.<br />
<br />
2. The cantilevers are pulled apart in the bottom chord back of the transverse truss, which indicates that this member was pulled apart by the fall of the transverse truss instead of by any force which might have been produced by the fall of the roof striking the balcony, which case would have buckled this member instead of pulling it apart, or would have pulled apart the top chord instead of the bottom chord.<br />
<br />
3. As the end of the balcony fascia-girder and Cols. 1 and 2 (the roof columns) lay on top of the center part of the balcony fascia-girder, the center part must have fallen first and pulled columns 1 and 2 down afterward.</blockquote>
The last mentioned fact supplements the deductions from the form of buckling assumed by the roof columns, as described earlier.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHTVntNCJlnF0NYDOq3VwKAugTIqjl43TS4PcA1YM2Otbg4PUwhsCwmf8dRlNphyphenhyphen7jd5Ql5ZQRgj0tF0aTqIe12LD1D4OBvBg7RgmWXVoCtVVGIygyv5RiqEeM4JZ2NVhfqLnpYLTpRqs/s1600/EngNews1913_30.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHTVntNCJlnF0NYDOq3VwKAugTIqjl43TS4PcA1YM2Otbg4PUwhsCwmf8dRlNphyphenhyphen7jd5Ql5ZQRgj0tF0aTqIe12LD1D4OBvBg7RgmWXVoCtVVGIygyv5RiqEeM4JZ2NVhfqLnpYLTpRqs/s320/EngNews1913_30.jpg" /></a> The theory of the tension-splice failure is discussed also by T. J. Foster and in the reports of R. W. Boyd and Chief Inspector Ludwig. Mr. Boyd gives the stress in the splice as "in excess of 22,000 lb. per sq.in.," and then says:<br />
<blockquote>
Notwithstanding the fact that the truss is badly twisted and that there is a break in the tension splice in the bottom chord, there is every evidence that the failure of this truss was caused by the collapse and not by primary failure in one of its members. A close examination of the material at the broken splice and of the fracture of the top chord angles indicates that the material did not undergo much deformation prior to failure, as would have been the case had there been a critical stress long continued. There is every evidence that these breaks are the direct result of a load suddenly applied, causing very large instantaneous stresses. The falling of the roof onto the balcony would provide all of the elements necessary for the failure of the balcony truss as it actually took place.</blockquote>
In part, the same argument is made by Mr. Foster, but he brings out some further facts against the tension-failure explanation:<br />
<blockquote>
It is practically true that an engineer as well as a layman takes some conspicuous point of failure and builds a defense about it instead of making a general analysis and then finding a cause. One of the conspicuous points is the splice in the lower chord of the balcony truss. The fracture of the steel plates at this point shows no reduction in area or elongation, and shows a crystallized fracture. Throughout the building where breaks occurred by tension there was a good reduction in area, elongation and fibrous metal, while in case of shock the breaks showed no reduction in area and the metal was crystallized. The metal in the broken parts of the bottom chord of the truss was examined and found to be medium steel. If the initial break had been at this point and the structure had given way due to the strain in the metal, there would surely have been a reduction in area, elongation and fibrous metal.<br />
<br />
Another reason for this splice not being the cause of the
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmROOBY5ZghgInbsSv-RipENu8e9u7qzgMgd8xg_w0DvqYwDWQ0byDjURfZ0Gu5itqM-6NmNAuDLVYJHQE3KnsHCgs02twIEU7fJppIlRGAZziYyrk2uJJlGKTDKALFuDqoaS0eu1UHu0/s1600/EngNews1913_31.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmROOBY5ZghgInbsSv-RipENu8e9u7qzgMgd8xg_w0DvqYwDWQ0byDjURfZ0Gu5itqM-6NmNAuDLVYJHQE3KnsHCgs02twIEU7fJppIlRGAZziYyrk2uJJlGKTDKALFuDqoaS0eu1UHu0/s320/EngNews1913_31.jpg" /></a>
failure is found in the distribution of loose material resulting from the collapse. As can be seen from a front view, the entire collapse shifted to the south. Wreckage and loose concrete were deposited much more to the south of the center of the building than to the north of the center. We might disregard this as to the roof, but it is particularly true of the balcony truss, along the south half of which the loose concrete was piled much more densely than at any other portion of the building, showing that the loosening concrete was guided in this direction by the sloping steel; the steel could not slope toward this point unless this point went down first. The south wall showed that the truss fell to the south as far as it was able, and some beams which were a part of the gallery and which fell with it prevented the truss going further to the south, these beams making very heavy marks in the brick wall on their way down, cutting a gash in the wall 2 to 4 in. deep. If the initial break of the girder had been in the center the balcony would have doubled in on itself and the two broken ends of the bottom chord would have been found a considerable distance apart and the top chord would immediately have received the balcony load and would have buckled badly. The top chord did not buckle, and the two ends of the broken bottom chord were not over 2 ft. apart, and this is easily accounted for by the drawing back
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVuN0ypTeNyNsWWZ2eD8MZJe1NLgTILAOWA4VgOBycZ5V-heWPP8Rs6WREvNzyo_NFMm3PhCFzKzSySFqrR8Rd8zjr5LNzrz6097HLO2AKxl_qZFLDzJ1wBvlS-CQucW20zjA6rv6_zqk/s1600/EngNews1913_32.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVuN0ypTeNyNsWWZ2eD8MZJe1NLgTILAOWA4VgOBycZ5V-heWPP8Rs6WREvNzyo_NFMm3PhCFzKzSySFqrR8Rd8zjr5LNzrz6097HLO2AKxl_qZFLDzJ1wBvlS-CQucW20zjA6rv6_zqk/s320/EngNews1913_32.jpg" /></a>
of the north cantilever because this cantilever had not yet reached its resting place when the south end of the truss was down and the bottom chord broken.<br />
<br />
If the lower chord had parsed first it would have tended to pull the tops of the two columns together and to push them farther apart on the line of the lower chord. The north column showed distinctly that the lower chord pulled the column and there is no distortion of this column at its top. The south column failed at the lower part of the truss and perpendicular to the line of the truss, and the flanges of the column at its top directly under the seat of the truss were buckled, also at right angles to the truss. If the truss had parted at the splice at the bottom chord it is inconceivable how the columns could have buckled in the manner described above.</blockquote>
The Bureau of Buildings regarded the question of this tension failure as of sufficient importance to have the material of the splice investigated. Prof. Wm. Campbell, Columbia University, examined samples of the splice material micrographically. The results of his examination <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyXzAmNwf_KZsZjwYoolWvIjFdST-XndyPjQrMAuDgu0pBh4LNqP6YuS3YSEsy7PMFTeo6wyDKLhaBLeXEDzY-K2blZZpYvTEcblJ7UiVRy6Qvbx_DSimqXmZTSNetrwqB80iLV3VukAE/s1600/EngNews1913_33.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyXzAmNwf_KZsZjwYoolWvIjFdST-XndyPjQrMAuDgu0pBh4LNqP6YuS3YSEsy7PMFTeo6wyDKLhaBLeXEDzY-K2blZZpYvTEcblJ7UiVRy6Qvbx_DSimqXmZTSNetrwqB80iLV3VukAE/s320/EngNews1913_33.jpg" /></a> show fairly satisfactory material in the splice, except in the lower flange plate. He reports on 8 samples of splice material as follows:<br />
<blockquote>
Sample 1: Some lamination and segregation, but not more than is commonly met with in this grade of steel.<br />
<br />
Sample 2. Good material.<br />
<br />
Sample 3. Segregation and lamination, with the characteristic coarse grain of material finished hot. While not good, the material cannot be classified as bad.<br />
<br />
Sample 4. Very low carbon. Parts of it show a good deal of manganese sulphide and slag in thin streaks; same remarks as on preceding.<br />
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Sample 5. Similar.<br />
<br />
Samples 6 and 7. While of low carbon and of fine grain
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8EaY9LNb92QrgGJGcTGmN7L4EZAs0jqyKYsUy3wMw7bMWf7J7mvfWfb-afB_lyZyEvf8qLbT0AP0Zalrl79fud2fI5YPvy8mLGCalQKnbIBQjCVloj31E4DQvEJNZPaoTPwcLUj7QDtI/s1600/EngNews1913_34.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8EaY9LNb92QrgGJGcTGmN7L4EZAs0jqyKYsUy3wMw7bMWf7J7mvfWfb-afB_lyZyEvf8qLbT0AP0Zalrl79fud2fI5YPvy8mLGCalQKnbIBQjCVloj31E4DQvEJNZPaoTPwcLUj7QDtI/s320/EngNews1913_34.jpg" /></a>
showed too much segregation and must be classified as bad material, which is confirmed by marked brittleness in the testing machine.<br />
<br />
Sample 8. Good material.</blockquote>
The two pieces described as brittle came from the lower splice-plate. The tension specimens in the testing machine showed 20,100-21,100 lb. yield-point and 29,100-27,800 lb. ultimate strength for the first, and 20,500 lb. yield-point and 23,900 ultimate for the second. The section at center of both was close to 0.50 sq.in., but as both broke in the grips the actual breaking stress is not easily stated. They broke without perceptible elongation or ductility, and showed fine crystalline fracture.<br />
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Chief Inspector Ludwig concludes against the view that the balcony truss failed first:<br />
<blockquote>
If this fracture of the member was the cause of the collapse of the structure, the member must have failed in tension
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPlbL0lZqUb7943YRGRInRz3TnqdpAr6RxkKfLk9t9unZ_EB2gplVbdo9EhCDtS9rZaW70xWqWth13CizoeHgB36i3aAl59OfPzZqa4uRPMSp_IIyqDf6Axl_t1NHc2DEQafJKkkqbXHw/s1600/EngNews1913_35.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPlbL0lZqUb7943YRGRInRz3TnqdpAr6RxkKfLk9t9unZ_EB2gplVbdo9EhCDtS9rZaW70xWqWth13CizoeHgB36i3aAl59OfPzZqa4uRPMSp_IIyqDf6Axl_t1NHc2DEQafJKkkqbXHw/s320/EngNews1913_35.jpg" /></a>
(a method of failure exceedingly rare) under a load a little in excess, if any, of 21,800 lb., only about one-half the elastic limit of the material. Again, a failure of the bottom chord in tension would ordinarily be followed by buckling or crippling in the top chord, and by some reduction of area or elongation in the bottom chord, and of this, as previously stated, the examination showed no evidence; on the other hand, the fracture has every appearance of having been produced by a sharp, quick blow, such as a heavy weight falling or the sudden displacement or removal of the supporting columns of the truss. The argument has also been advanced that the material forming the splicing of the bottom chord may have been of high-carbon steel; if this were so, the less reason for failure, inasmuch as its tension value would increase while its elasticity would drop.</blockquote>
The reference to hard or brittle material needs to be supplemented by a reference to the injurious effect of punching in such material. The splice-plates being punched in close spacing, extensive injury might result in the form of incipient cracking and hardening from the flow of material around the punch. Even steel which gives a good tension test may be thus injured.<br />
<br />
Another fact not mentioned in the above discussions is the large amount of the secondary stresses which occur in the chords of shallow trusses. The existence of large secondaries is not merely inferred theoretically, but was proved in strain-gage tests on a New York skyscraper during erection several years ago. A large truss in this building, carrying several columns, was gaged on the top flange of the lower chord to measure the chord tension as erection of the stories above proceeded (the bottom flange was not accessible). The result was that no tension, but at some readings a slight <i>compression</i> was found; the bending of the chord, because of its own stiffness, decreased the chord tension to zero in the upper flange and, consequently, doubled the tension in the lower flange. Such action occurring in the balcony truss would increase the computed splice tension of more than 20,000 lb. per sq.in. by a considerable amount.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdbE2OfcXJS6qvSdcCb2LaImuynExZ9qszSom-h33oEFDK-lRMgFTVSaZ36H7CxfPIFZjSinaIijpinT8Jp4lD9WKnoPL9p7rQluaiOTEybxdYVDWa0XYalp4a2s3N2e3eymsLPzaWc0M/s1600/EngNews1913_36.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdbE2OfcXJS6qvSdcCb2LaImuynExZ9qszSom-h33oEFDK-lRMgFTVSaZ36H7CxfPIFZjSinaIijpinT8Jp4lD9WKnoPL9p7rQluaiOTEybxdYVDWa0XYalp4a2s3N2e3eymsLPzaWc0M/s320/EngNews1913_36.jpg" /></a> Following the clearing up of the wreckage of the Orpheum Theater, the structure was rebuilt on the original lines, but with increased sections in trusses and columns, with channels riveted over the column angles, and with added bracing of the columns. The original contractors built the new structure. It was completed in November, 1913, and is now in use.<br />
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Nanette South Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11434453594539343726noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9053425686549922034.post-14706502014738390182017-05-23T11:00:00.000-05:002017-05-23T11:03:09.609-05:00Nikola Tesla and Interplanetary Communication - News from 1901As the scientific community strove to make sense of new discoveries at the turn of the 20th Century, Nikola Tesla was at the forefront. His experiments and discoveries paved the way for the wireless communication we enjoy today.<br />
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In this newspaper article from 1901, Tesla speculates about communicating with other planets. The editors took it a step further by printing illustrations of what citizens of other planets might look like and the news they might receive from Earth.<br />
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<i>The Philadelphia Inquirer</i>, Friday, January 4, 1901, Page 2.<br />
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<center>
<b>BELIEVES WE CAN COMMUNICATE<br />
WITH THE FAR-OFF PLANET MARS<br />
---------------<br />
Electric Wizard Nikola Tesla Makes an Astounding Discovery While<br />
Experimenting With Feeble Electric Actions Trans-<br />
mitted Through the Earth</b></center>
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<center>
<i>How the Residents of Other Planets May Be Expected to Get in Touch With Uncle Sam's Domains if Teslas' (sic) Idea of Inter-Planetary Communication Should Become a Reality.</i></center>
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Great interest has been aroused over the article in The Inquirer of yesterday regarding the possibility of interplanetary communication. Nikola Tesla's recent discovery while conducting experiments in relation to wireless transmission of energy leads this eminent electrician to believe that it is within the range of probability to communicate with Mars.<br />
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Regarding his interesting experiments and the results obtained during a sojourn of two years in Colorado Mr. Tesla says:<br />
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"It was in investigating feeble electrical actions transmitted through the earth that I made some observations which are to me the most gratifying. Chief among these certain feeble electrical disturbances which I could barely note occurred, and which by their character unmistakably showed that they were neither of solar origin nor produced by any causes known to me on the globe. What could they be?<br />
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<center>
<i>The Jupiter Weather Bureau reporting weather conditions on Earth and in Chicago. <br />
(Source: The Philadelphia Inquirer, Friday, January 4, 1901, Page 2.)</i></center>
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"I have incessantly thought of this for months, until I finally arrived at the conviction, amounting to almost knowledge, that they must be of planetary origin. As I think over it now it seems to me that only men absolutely stricken with blindness, insensible to the greatness of nature, can hold that this planet is the only one inhabited by intelligent beings.<br />
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<center>
<i>Citizens of Mercury read news from Earth.<br />
(Source: The Philadelphia Inquirer, Friday, January 4, 1901, Page 2.)</i></center>
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"I have perfected my transmitting apparatus so far that I can undertake to construct a machine which will without the least doubt be fully competent to convey sufficient energy to the planet Mars to operate one of these delicate appliances which we are now using here, as, for instance, a very sensitive telephone instrument.<br />
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<i>People living on another planet read about Philadelphia's New Year celebrations.<br />
(Source: The Philadelphia Inquirer, Friday, January 4, 1901, Page 2.)</i></center>
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"With regard to my work in other lines which I have simultaneously carried on my progress has been most satisfactory, and I hope that soon electrical energy may be turned to the usages of man in a way and for purposes such as to surpass in importance all that we have ever done heretofore."Nanette South Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11434453594539343726noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9053425686549922034.post-17015928661992129282017-05-22T18:55:00.000-05:002017-06-07T11:21:12.883-05:00Self-Help Books by Scientists - Ada LovelaceAda Lovelace is #11 in my "Self-Help Books by Scientists" series.
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6n6HsjqiH5tIuKCh1j11GMww3fMgVs_l2nQq2JJ8A1p-POVpJ5kSCHU-g6UP8kOmIo6pOdofq9RTsanLntSJ6hciYJDH5SPHzHRu4Q5L1XIrVsYZK2zn1wTdg5X8Zg1E1LfbFlRlZLFs/s1600/AdaLovelaceSatire.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6n6HsjqiH5tIuKCh1j11GMww3fMgVs_l2nQq2JJ8A1p-POVpJ5kSCHU-g6UP8kOmIo6pOdofq9RTsanLntSJ6hciYJDH5SPHzHRu4Q5L1XIrVsYZK2zn1wTdg5X8Zg1E1LfbFlRlZLFs/s640/AdaLovelaceSatire.png" width="510" height="640" data-original-width="573" data-original-height="719" /></a></div>Nanette South Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11434453594539343726noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9053425686549922034.post-57016684722243463552017-03-23T11:51:00.000-05:002017-03-23T11:51:06.079-05:00Free pdf of Nikola Tesla's Autobiography, My Inventions<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Hugo Gernsback, Editor of <i>The Electrical Experimenter</i> sat down with Nikola Tesla, probably in December of 1918, and asked him if he would consent to have his life story and inventions featured in <i>The Electrical Experimenter</i> for the next couple of years.<br />
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Much to Gernsback's surprise, Tesla consented.<br />
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The result was an absolutely riveting look into the life of Nikola Tesla written by none other than himself! <i>My Inventions</i> is a fascinating look into the private and public life of Tesla. Tesla is very candid in his writings about the events surrounding his inventions and his inner dialogue.<br />
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I began reading these articles and couldn't tear myself away, so I published them piece by piece on this blog. I thought it was a little inconvenient to read them in separate blog posts, so I decided to compile them into a pdf for myself, then I thought, "Maybe other people would like to read this pdf too." So here it is.<br />
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<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B3BmBvxOzhSceHJLQVhJeEdfZzg/view?usp=sharing">This free pdf</a> is a compilation of the series of autobiographical articles that were published by Gernsback entitled, <i>My Inventions</i>. The series includes an introduction written by his friend and fan, Hugo Gernsback, editor of <i>The Electrical Experimenter</i>, and six subsequent segments written by Tesla.<br />
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In this autobiography, Tesla relates details of his boyhood home and his parents. He gives some insight into his good health and tells harrowing tales and adventures from his childhood. He tells of a ten-year-old Nikola Tesla studying at the Real Gymnasium and relates stories of his many near-death illnesses. He explains the thought processes that lead up to the invention of the Induction Motor.<br />
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<i>My Inventions</i> follows Nikola Tesla from Hungary to Paris and Germany, then to America where he is the butt of Thomas Edison's infamous practical joke. Detailed within Part IV is the invention of the Tesla Coil. Part V is devoted to Tesla's Magnifying Transmitter, a world-changing invention far ahead of its time and therefore under-appreciated in its day. Part VI focuses on Tesla's Telautomatics. (He was Steampunk before it was cool.) We also learn much about Tesla's views on spiritual matters.<br />
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So, click on the link and enjoy this free pdf of <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B3BmBvxOzhSceHJLQVhJeEdfZzg/view?usp=sharing">Nikola Tesla's, <i>My Inventions</i>, from <i>The Electrical Experimenter </i>in 1919</a>.Nanette South Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11434453594539343726noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9053425686549922034.post-4135978043088170722017-03-17T11:56:00.000-05:002017-03-17T11:56:00.277-05:00News from 1900--Alverda M. Stout becomes a licensed engineer at age 18Happy Friday! As a salute to an early woman engineer during Women's History Month, I'm spotlighting a remarkable young woman from Ohio who made her mark at the turn of the 20th Century. Alverda M. Stout became a licensed steam engineer in 1900 at the age of eighteen!<br />
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Transcribed below are two news articles featuring Ms. Stout, the first from a magazine in 1900 and the second from a newspaper in 1901.<br />
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The following article was published in a magazine <i>Power</i> in the December issue of 1900 (<a href="https://www.farmcollector.com/steam-traction/a-girl-engineer">farmcollector.com</a>). Submitted by A. G. Weyand, 907 Prospect Street, Bucyrus, Ohio 44820.<br />
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As a consequence of the passage of a state license law in Ohio last year a girl engineer has been discovered in that state. There is at Dyesville a fifty barrel flour mill, and when the inspector arrived he found the steam plant in charge of a young lady of less than twenty years of age. Inquiring as to who was the regular engineer he was informed that she was in full and regular charge, firing the boiler, tending the engine and running the mill as well.<br />
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Upon being informed that she could not continue without a license she indicated her willingness to be examined, passed a creditable examination, and there was nothing for the inspector to do but to give her a certificate. Upon reading of the occurrence we wrote to the young lady, verifying the report and obtained her consent to pose for the picture reproduced herewith.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtywyU9PFOGyT8hw4lhWa6AFnBgeF50mRoBNyWKVlIt2_vizCfU6bJquKdOgLquU6uo9OsrdnxsZJLTJgJUJgI2HwAMIKdj64jzqDV1Jo-WUBCbVuBrKPTPYvm5PIlxpfJIjs5Mu1iuEw/s1600/Alverda.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtywyU9PFOGyT8hw4lhWa6AFnBgeF50mRoBNyWKVlIt2_vizCfU6bJquKdOgLquU6uo9OsrdnxsZJLTJgJUJgI2HwAMIKdj64jzqDV1Jo-WUBCbVuBrKPTPYvm5PIlxpfJIjs5Mu1iuEw/s640/Alverda.jpg" width="563" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">Alverda M. Stout<br />
<a href="https://www.farmcollector.com/steam-traction/a-girl-engineer">Photo by A. G. Weyand</a><br />
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Her name is Miss Alverda Stout. Less than two years ago, at the age of seventeen, she entered the mill, which belongs to her father, as bookkeeper, became interested in the milling processes and the machinery and mastered its operation, including that of the engine and boiler, of which she has been for some time in sole charge.<br />
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The photograph shows her costume, with gloves, cap and rainy-day skirt, and the appearance of the plant, which the inspector says is well kept up. The readers of our correspondence department will recall a lady contributor to that department who used to discuss engineering questions with interest and intelligence, but this lady is, we think, without question the first who can show a license as a regular engineer. This is an extension of the feminine of endeavor in a new direction in which we venture to predict, it will not extend very far.<br />
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<b><i>Davenport Daily Republican</i>, Davenport, Iowa, Tuesday, January 1, 1901, Page 5.</b><br />
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<h3>
<center>
<b>LATEST ROLE OF PROGRESSIVE WOMAN IS THAT OF ENGINEER</b></center>
</h3>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Miss Alverda M. Stout</td></tr>
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<br />
Special Correspondence<br />
<br />
COLUMBUS, Ohio,<br />
<br />
ANOTHER triumph for the new woman, another advance into masculine territory, another field of endeavor opened to progressive femininity--the new woman is now an engineer! Into law, art, science, trade she has long since carried her indomitable and conquering personality, but the encroachment into the engine room is a new one and well worthy of a record as being perhaps the opening wedge of a great reform which will sweep into oblivion the grimy, oily, surly, dirty, tobacco-using engineer of tradition and replace him by the sightly, cool-headed, deft-fingered, cleanly twentieth century woman engineer.<br />
<br />
The winner of this first bloodless victory for the cause of emancipated womanhood, this victory which may prove so pregnant with possibilities is Miss Alverda M. Stout, of Dyesville, Ohio. She is only 18 years old, which makes all the more remarkable her success in achieving the distinction of being<br />
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the first member of the fair sex to ever receive official sanction to practice as engineer.<br />
<br />
The laws of Ohio are very stringent regarding the qualification of engineers. In order to protect the great manufacturing establishments laws have been passed which render it necessary for all applicants for engineers' certificates to pass a very severe examination and any one who operates an engine without securing a license in liable to arrest and imprisonment. Recently among the candidates State Examiner N. T. Collier was astounded to find a woman, or rather, to be more exact, a girl--a brown-eyed, brown-haired slip, whose appearance betokened a greater familiarity with books than ponderous engines. Her hands were white and dainty and free from oil or grime; her dress, though modest, was charming and her whole appearance was very antithesis of the traditional conception of the engineer.<br />
<br />
But when Mr. Collier came to put the questions to the fair young candidate he found that appearances are frequently deceptive. She displayed a technical knowledge far beyond that of many of the male applicants. She knew every part of the engine, was familiar with their workings, understood the whole science of the generation of steam, the creation and distribution of power, what to do in case of an emergency, and all the other points which are essential to the equipment of an expert engineer.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBThgjtZDsODQAKF-QcbsjIV0m4Yc6Px8yWMlEJzfNZjzrUVBL4UbF3JFfUWfxTb-fDXNXNM8AuXHoQTZ7jslFgmOr7x8JGNNbeNPiLx6RN1_nTw_1zc9hj8gTXxjkb_ulZLcJfJUMkAA/s1600/Stout4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBThgjtZDsODQAKF-QcbsjIV0m4Yc6Px8yWMlEJzfNZjzrUVBL4UbF3JFfUWfxTb-fDXNXNM8AuXHoQTZ7jslFgmOr7x8JGNNbeNPiLx6RN1_nTw_1zc9hj8gTXxjkb_ulZLcJfJUMkAA/s640/Stout4.png" width="640" /></a></div>
A few days since your correspondent called on Miss Stout and had a chance to see the actual practical workings of the mill controlled by the only woman engineer. The establishment is a flour mill, owned by her father, and Miss Stout is not only engineer, but is also superintendent and has full charge of all the employes. Her engine is a 45-horse power, with a capacity of fifty barrels a day. On entering the engine room the first thing that impresses the eye of the visitor is its scrupulous cleanliness. Not a spot of dust is to be seen, the brass work has been polished to a mirror-like brilliancy, no dirty rags or pools of oil are to be seen, but order prevails everywhere.<br />
<br />
Wearing a rough dress something on the style of a sculptress' gown, the girl engineer, oil can in hand, was lubricating one of the journals of the throbbing machine when your correspondent entered. After she had finished and everything was working to her satisfaction she answered some questions regarding her work and the causes which had led her to adopt for a woman such a strange profession.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjblDbNHrI7TbZdplP5z-12z6WEydOyg6XHYi_E7ljoEjx9FJ4veL7a6lMziH38PF3IKEu-5cbIV23m2b2ZAjFf750k7zn4HdaplP6tAwDuZz_8xq0e3-Ds42erq7W8jUjKXYGZPIeLeWQ/s1600/Stout5.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjblDbNHrI7TbZdplP5z-12z6WEydOyg6XHYi_E7ljoEjx9FJ4veL7a6lMziH38PF3IKEu-5cbIV23m2b2ZAjFf750k7zn4HdaplP6tAwDuZz_8xq0e3-Ds42erq7W8jUjKXYGZPIeLeWQ/s640/Stout5.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Illustration of Alverda Stout working as an engineer.</td></tr>
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"I was raised in the mill," she said, "and know every cog and bearing in that engine. Until two years ago, however, I had no thought of becoming engineer. I was bookkeeper at that time, and by brother, D. B. Stout, was miller and engineer. After a while I became dissatisfied with clerical work and began to develop a positive passion for machinery. I resolved to become an engineer, and neither protests nor ridicule availed to turn me from my purpose.<br />
<br />
"I began firing in July, 1899, and spent my leisure time reading technical books and mastering the rudiments of engineering. With the help of my father I made rapid progress, and in six months he pronounced me competent to handle the engine myself. I then sent in my application to the State Board, and succeeded in passing the examination without any great difficulty. Before granting me my license a local deputy visited the mill and watched me operate the machine. It was through his favorable report that I at last received my credentials as expert engineer with full authority to practice anywhere within the confines of the State."Nanette South Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11434453594539343726noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9053425686549922034.post-32919512892014490502017-03-14T14:08:00.000-05:002017-03-14T14:08:49.516-05:00ICE Syndrome is a crazy rare eye disease you've probably never heard ofIridocorneal Endothelial Syndrome or ICE Syndrome is a crazy rare eye disease you've probably never heard of. I didn't even know it existed until 2014. According to the <a href="https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/iridocorneal-endothelial-syndrome-ice">American Academy of Ophthalmology</a>,<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
ICE is actually a group of conditions related to changes in corneal cells and the iris. The syndrome almost always involves cells moving from the cornea to the iris. Loss of cells from the cornea can cause corneal swelling, and the iris and pupil can become distorted. Also, when the corneal cells move, they can block fluid from draining properly through the eye’s microscopic drainage channels. This blockage causes pressure in the eye to build, leading to glaucoma.</blockquote>
ICE is rare and unstoppable, however, the glaucoma associated is treatable and if caught soon enough, a person with ICE doesn't need to suffer vision loss. Corneal transplants are often needed eventually because of the loss of corneal cells and swelling.<br />
<br />
I decided to write about my diagnosis of ICE because I am one of the lucky ones--I was diagnosed fast and early. There are many eye doctors I have talked to who have no idea what ICE Syndrome is. In fact, my first phone call to a local optometrist resulted in a long delay in making my first appointment.<br />
<br />
Before that first phone call, I felt like there was something a little gritty in my right eye. I started having terrible headaches and some days I saw rainbow halos around lights. My brother advised me to see an eye doctor, so I made the call.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYzG4jBC7FnCz9nBI204qeY11eyFC_hrEsiWAUT7MXMS5jbaUKLddzzgPgX8t4o1YO0CCl9_KenK4ou7tDcOoRxJiDXo2WhBx75RcqkMbAGpWlEbkl7KjnQCEaIoPr3RJvfz_u8E0JviU/s1600/Photo+on+5-1-13+at+9.04+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYzG4jBC7FnCz9nBI204qeY11eyFC_hrEsiWAUT7MXMS5jbaUKLddzzgPgX8t4o1YO0CCl9_KenK4ou7tDcOoRxJiDXo2WhBx75RcqkMbAGpWlEbkl7KjnQCEaIoPr3RJvfz_u8E0JviU/s320/Photo+on+5-1-13+at+9.04+AM.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">May 2013 - I had ICE Syndrome at this time, but didn't know.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
When I called the optometrist's office and asked for an appointment, the receptionist asked me to describe my symptoms. She then put me on hold to confer with someone. When she came back to the call, she told me I didn't need to come in because I was having an ocular migraine. She said people had them all the time and I should go read about them.<br />
<br />
I read everything I could about ocular migraines, but my headaches got worse no matter what I did and some days my eye was so light sensitive I couldn't go outside. I decided to call a different optometrist. This time I successfully made an appointment.<br />
<br />
At the optometrist appointment, I got the first bad news...I had glaucoma in my right eye. He prescribed some glaucoma controlling eye drops and scheduled me for a follow-up visit. At my follow-up, my eye pressure was higher than it had been at the first appointment. He quickly referred me to a glaucoma specialist.<br />
<br />
This is where I was lucky. The glaucoma specialist in Dallas had not only heard of ICE Syndrome, he had experience with it and diagnosed me after a long day of testing. He sent me to a cornea specialist to confirm the diagnosis.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipWf0BivSd25IzkSk6fdR8dWdaykKldHMoNkmtqJjl9s-LA7RrE9B_2LEcdz7ABczrrOyWBS0XmdqJFHPZLQ4QrVru65WnINy9WBt8bU7kQX4xfKQVoke0ygPBvonEHsUD3MYiGNPnDiM/s1600/2015-06-18+09.29.05.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipWf0BivSd25IzkSk6fdR8dWdaykKldHMoNkmtqJjl9s-LA7RrE9B_2LEcdz7ABczrrOyWBS0XmdqJFHPZLQ4QrVru65WnINy9WBt8bU7kQX4xfKQVoke0ygPBvonEHsUD3MYiGNPnDiM/s400/2015-06-18+09.29.05.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photos of corneal cells. Abnormal right corneal cells pictured on far left and close-up far right.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The trouble with having a delay in the diagnosis of ICE is that the glaucoma is so aggressive and hard to control because the corneal cells actually block the natural drains in the eyes. I tried just about every eye drop on the market with not much success and many side-effects. I was allergic to several types and ended up with a severe corneal ulcer before the doctor suggested eye surgery.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1Bbxb1sB3IDs51WWbxGTJ8Eu4ErshFeJJO1rIzLLRrhBgXCew9GFovrzOKNV8JHVLIlsNfboutaucdff2EPOft8CBdf5WwOuc62sjla5LJMoLgL-_8VRJ0KfDUMdJ_HtxJWIFWv1HQkg/s1600/2014-11-10+13.20.05.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1Bbxb1sB3IDs51WWbxGTJ8Eu4ErshFeJJO1rIzLLRrhBgXCew9GFovrzOKNV8JHVLIlsNfboutaucdff2EPOft8CBdf5WwOuc62sjla5LJMoLgL-_8VRJ0KfDUMdJ_HtxJWIFWv1HQkg/s320/2014-11-10+13.20.05.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Corneal ulcer survival gear: Giant sunglasses, hoodie, serious face.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Eye surgery changed my life. My eye doctor put a shunt in my eye and now my glaucoma is under control. I still have to use eye drops three times a day and nothing can stop the migration of the corneal cells, but with my glasses, my eyesight is 20-20.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibRNBSc8C2hn2WlYOEmtFiVWd5vSTLIDWhjOaKMz_cagyTaInV22S1TVWoEq0nZF28uY1o7GJISwW1nBi8dd0NidhAOFpayCD2DX_SxknI_pMAs2yg1kEE1nhKhRYC8wFNhUlIkS6m8bI/s1600/2014-12-13+19.24.27.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibRNBSc8C2hn2WlYOEmtFiVWd5vSTLIDWhjOaKMz_cagyTaInV22S1TVWoEq0nZF28uY1o7GJISwW1nBi8dd0NidhAOFpayCD2DX_SxknI_pMAs2yg1kEE1nhKhRYC8wFNhUlIkS6m8bI/s320/2014-12-13+19.24.27.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Eye surgery is so glamorous.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Now, in 2017, I can even joke about my ICE. I tell people to call me the great-granddaughter of <a href="https://www.northvegr.org/sagas%20annd%20epics/legendary%20heroic%20and%20imaginative%20sagas/old%20heithinn%20tales%20from%20the%20north/056.html">Sigurd Snake-in-Eye</a> from the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2008/oct/03/1">Icelandic Sagas</a>.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOrJoTTL8-dHn01u-cONn-ajxTJp83rzU6_W2kf7ZWFYFTWVw60TBMlD3VZA-l8MyVkTYle94qcR2t9QdrqL59D3j7jSSCEt2MwAEaG9IhpN_o904A9aIkDS50RLTjuiImlrUaSQ0DOMA/s1600/FullSizeRender.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOrJoTTL8-dHn01u-cONn-ajxTJp83rzU6_W2kf7ZWFYFTWVw60TBMlD3VZA-l8MyVkTYle94qcR2t9QdrqL59D3j7jSSCEt2MwAEaG9IhpN_o904A9aIkDS50RLTjuiImlrUaSQ0DOMA/s320/FullSizeRender.jpg" width="302" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Close-up of the distorted pupil in my right eye...call me the great-granddaughter of Sigurd Snake-in-Eye.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixXBAWwitQ0zxcp16EmkUjNIm-L8qkAjMN4Kb7nH1mrTV21vET2yeGSjRt8dTTYdrihn-w64Pw0ijaHYX2B-3_02pBLN3ltpLIDkfP7vGaAz7MBgYEvH0PmaXicI38DyKuq7bSVvFttHs/s1600/2016-05-06+16.30.15.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixXBAWwitQ0zxcp16EmkUjNIm-L8qkAjMN4Kb7nH1mrTV21vET2yeGSjRt8dTTYdrihn-w64Pw0ijaHYX2B-3_02pBLN3ltpLIDkfP7vGaAz7MBgYEvH0PmaXicI38DyKuq7bSVvFttHs/s320/2016-05-06+16.30.15.png" width="236" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I have 20-20 vision post-surgery with my Buddy Holly-esque eyeglasses.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />Nanette South Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11434453594539343726noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9053425686549922034.post-43196867824369446572017-02-24T06:00:00.000-06:002017-02-24T06:00:21.876-06:00Wireless Vision Seen By TeslaImagine our great-great-grandparents carrying mobile phones and sending each other funny cat videos! More than a hundred years ago, Nikola Tesla announced his "World System" of wireless telephones which would transmit static-free communication along with pictures and video. He explains his system in the following newspaper article from 1915.<br />
<br />
<i>La Plata Home Press</i>, La Plata, Missouri, Thursday, October 14, 1915, Page 6.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFvA1otGJbFYJH0FOiA-Byb8-URiqlzTz0tXA1z28Bu5vtRmTEMY8Xpj_9Sb3D508JRLBIzFOtgF3EmkFSDywPC_Obil4VYS53J_cjRT9DyF17tC8zXSk4evIfjuBAToGXALPJC3wrzik/s1600/Wireless1.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFvA1otGJbFYJH0FOiA-Byb8-URiqlzTz0tXA1z28Bu5vtRmTEMY8Xpj_9Sb3D508JRLBIzFOtgF3EmkFSDywPC_Obil4VYS53J_cjRT9DyF17tC8zXSk4evIfjuBAToGXALPJC3wrzik/s640/Wireless1.png" width="233" /></a></div>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">WIRELESS VISION </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">SEEN BY TESLA</span></b><br />
<b><br /></b> <b>---------</b><br />
<b><br /></b> <b>Thinks "World System" Will</b><br />
<b>Allow Many to Talk at Once.</b><br />
<b><br /></b> <b>----------</b><br />
<b><br /></b> <b>ENDS STATIC DISTURBANCE</b><br />
<b><br /></b> <b>----------</b><br />
<b><br /></b> <b>Inventor Also Hopes to Transmit Pic-</b><br />
<b>tures by Same Medium Which Car-</b><br />
<b>ries the Voice--Declares It Will Be</b><br />
<b>Possible to Hold Secret Conversation</b><br />
<b>Too.</b><br />
<br />
New York.--Nikola Tesla announced that he had received a patent on an invention which would not only eliminate static interference, the present bugaboo of wireless telephony, but would enable thousands of persons to talk at once between wireless stations and make it possible for those talking to see one another by wireless, regardless of the distance separating them. He said also that with his wireless station now in the process of construction on Long Island he hoped to make New York one of the central exchanges in a world system of wireless telephony.<br />
<br />
The inventor, who has won fame by his electrical inventions, dictated this statement:<br />
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"The experts carrying out this brilliant experiment are naturally deserving of great credit<br />
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for the skill they have shown in perfecting the devices. These are of two kinds--first, those serving to control transmission, and second, those magnifying the received impulse. That the control of transmission is perfect is plain to experts from the fact that the Arlington, Mare island and Pearl Harbor plants are all ineffective and that the distance of telephonic communication is equal to that of telegraphic transmission. It is also perfectly apparent that the chief merit of the application lies in the magnification of the microphonic impulse. It must not be imagined that we deal here with new discoveries. The improvement simply concerns the control of the transmitted and the magnification of the received impulse, but the wireless system is the same. This can never be changed.<br />
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"It is claimed that static disturbance will fatally interfere with the transmission, while as a matter of fact there is not static disturbance possible in properly designed transmission and receiving circuits. Quite recently I have described in a patent circuits which are absolutely immune to static and other interferences, so much so that when a telephone is attached there is absolute silence, even lightning in the immediate vicinity not producing a click of the diaphragm, while in the ordinary telephonic conversation there are all kinds of noises.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2D6Q1xGyZbPwt8rdRoQ3fkEfnQqRCCStUWuy05vgiYx2mJYujtfH2bOAgonhQY_S0eKmRBGMqSOyor_P_uXKcy1-PoNMwPXkdQqTNUeD9ucEFKkr-8sF5tM7iDsqmV9_rE5sV1EcmPFM/s1600/WirelessTeslaPhoto.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2D6Q1xGyZbPwt8rdRoQ3fkEfnQqRCCStUWuy05vgiYx2mJYujtfH2bOAgonhQY_S0eKmRBGMqSOyor_P_uXKcy1-PoNMwPXkdQqTNUeD9ucEFKkr-8sF5tM7iDsqmV9_rE5sV1EcmPFM/s640/WirelessTeslaPhoto.png" width="408" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><b>NIKOLA TESLA.</b></i><i>Source: <span style="text-align: start;">La Plata Home Press</span><span style="text-align: start;">, La Plata, Missouri, Thursday, October 14, 1915, Page 6.</span></i></span></td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi90EVx6TddR_tECoX7QPWRUH4vfZCJJH3OVvv8QUuZS6sBii3JJqmuCQoZ7sXyazef3mwHMgv6IXTj8YOWD7-qQUaRkwV7oBbiaxZp5ro2EYjXUMO4VpsFizD-Y1sO-aDXjt5TZB0hxmk/s1600/Wireless3.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi90EVx6TddR_tECoX7QPWRUH4vfZCJJH3OVvv8QUuZS6sBii3JJqmuCQoZ7sXyazef3mwHMgv6IXTj8YOWD7-qQUaRkwV7oBbiaxZp5ro2EYjXUMO4VpsFizD-Y1sO-aDXjt5TZB0hxmk/s400/Wireless3.png" width="224" /></a></div>
"Another contention is that there can be no secrecy in wireless telephone conversation. I say it is absurd to raise this contention, when it is positively demonstrated by experiments that the earth is more suitable for transmission than any wire could ever be. A wireless telephone conversation can be made as secret as a thought.<br />
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"I have myself erected a plant for the purpose of connecting by wireless telephone the chief centers of the world, and from this plant as many as a hundred will be able to talk absolutely without interference and with absolute secrecy. The plant would simply be connected with the telephone central exchange in New York city, and any subscriber will be able to talk to any other telephone subscriber in the world, and all this without any change in his apparatus. This plan has been called my 'world system.' By the same means I propose also to transmit pictures and project images, so that the subscriber will not only hear the voice, but see the person to whom he is talking. Pictures transmitted over wires is a perfectly simple art practiced today. Many inventors have labored on it, but the chief credit is due to Professor Korn of Munich."Nanette South Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11434453594539343726noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9053425686549922034.post-46856757493410006332017-02-23T06:00:00.000-06:002017-02-23T06:00:28.727-06:00Group Theory - A Math ComicThe first time I heard this old joke was in my Modern Algebra class at Idaho State University. I laughed out loud.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwnNdG-TnvERW9XImVP5zIZwE615DGYpvWxIeBPaDAImX39agrNB7BxFKB9vhvt7jdlv8hYib0Jz4zJigIcEZODX-S2FHB-bhrcgeihC8F5y9E1gVr-VJj46EQPmSXna4zJTP1m3Rj07g/s1600/Abelian+Grape.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwnNdG-TnvERW9XImVP5zIZwE615DGYpvWxIeBPaDAImX39agrNB7BxFKB9vhvt7jdlv8hYib0Jz4zJigIcEZODX-S2FHB-bhrcgeihC8F5y9E1gVr-VJj46EQPmSXna4zJTP1m3Rj07g/s640/Abelian+Grape.png" width="560" /></a></div>
<br />Nanette South Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11434453594539343726noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9053425686549922034.post-79707909243015233632017-02-20T06:00:00.000-06:002017-02-20T06:00:27.743-06:00See these Masonry Arch Bridges in nearly every state in the USA<br />
You can fly to the south of France and visit the <a href="http://www.pontdugard.fr/en/ancient-work-art">Pont du Gard aqueduct</a>, a masterpiece of Roman engineering built of 21,000 cubic meters of limestone over a thousand years ago. But, if you can't travel that far, there are some spectacularly beautiful examples of masonry arches right here in the USA.<br />
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Alabama </h2>
This gorgeous stone arch bridge built in 2002 is found in the 250-acre <a href="http://exploringmontgomery.com/blount-cultural-park/">Blount Cultural Park</a> in Montgomery, Alabama. It makes a perfect addition to the world-renowned <a href="http://www.funinmontgomery.com/parks-items/blount-cultural-park">Alabama Shakespeare Festival </a>held here yearly.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8i1_IWPe291Z5Ynqg9tGSK-NckHNIotxtrzGXtmm2fQYbd64M_TaL0Atg-5vj98scR7e4O7M8KFQBO5iMm7cpTlRr1vXEurfzgsxakh1S77VpZiJOTumWL5aXjD0SH77P9XFvIpaZFOw/s1600/BlountBridgeMontgomery.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8i1_IWPe291Z5Ynqg9tGSK-NckHNIotxtrzGXtmm2fQYbd64M_TaL0Atg-5vj98scR7e4O7M8KFQBO5iMm7cpTlRr1vXEurfzgsxakh1S77VpZiJOTumWL5aXjD0SH77P9XFvIpaZFOw/s640/BlountBridgeMontgomery.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>This gorgeous stone arch bridge is located in Blount Cultural Park in Montgomery, Alabama.<br />Source: <a href="https://www.yelp.com/biz/blount-cultural-park-montgomery">Yelp</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Alaska </h2>
In lieu of a stone arch bridge, which I couldn't find for Alaska, I suggest the <a href="http://www.shrineofsainttherese.org/about-shrine">Shrine of St. Therese</a> in Juneau. Situated on 46 acres, the lovely stone shrine overlooking the Lynn Canal blends seamlessly with its wooded surroundings. Thousands of stones went into building the chapel and other structures on the property. I especially love the arched windows and doors.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDCRRQ-kt98nP9n5R6Vwb005YxdL4rJnoXRe2yd3fLf0IpYtVetfMeCo6amtoWXJcMEU7Iv-UiUgz2YOpLV19Ska94Tj2JrxDbwZripllOMPbF5Oc1b029wkpGwbckADTGB6jAn_nIKtk/s1600/Shrine_St_Therese_28.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDCRRQ-kt98nP9n5R6Vwb005YxdL4rJnoXRe2yd3fLf0IpYtVetfMeCo6amtoWXJcMEU7Iv-UiUgz2YOpLV19Ska94Tj2JrxDbwZripllOMPbF5Oc1b029wkpGwbckADTGB6jAn_nIKtk/s640/Shrine_St_Therese_28.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The Shrine of St. Therese in Juneau, Alaska was finished in 1941.<br />Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shrine_St_Therese_28.jpg">gillfoto on Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Arizona </h2>
Formerly spanning the River Thames in London, England, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge_(Lake_Havasu_City)">London Bridge in Lake Havasu City</a>, Arizona was dismantled in 1967 in England and reassembled in Arizona in 1971. The bridge was purchased by Robert P. McCulloch, the founder of Lake Havasu City who had a reinforced concrete bridge built, then clad in the original London Bridge stonework.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB79JIypbPXQci8oAQpLGDmTxP_y99YH5p9ioa13kZ3ooRrJWGiRcWAz8ZBLTJVRAYjW-hJs745gVhJNE_gG9iBcaGz6Qk3421eCZFoy4D8FgBka5yc4XJaerktQNb6AEAO3hDh3OqK9g/s1600/1024px-London_Bridge%252C_Lake_Havasu_City%252C_Arizona_%25283227888290%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB79JIypbPXQci8oAQpLGDmTxP_y99YH5p9ioa13kZ3ooRrJWGiRcWAz8ZBLTJVRAYjW-hJs745gVhJNE_gG9iBcaGz6Qk3421eCZFoy4D8FgBka5yc4XJaerktQNb6AEAO3hDh3OqK9g/s640/1024px-London_Bridge%252C_Lake_Havasu_City%252C_Arizona_%25283227888290%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The foundation stone for the London Bridge in Lake Havasu City, Arizona was relaid on September 23, 1968 by Sir Gilbert Inglefield, Lord Mayor of London.<br />
Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:London_Bridge,_Lake_Havasu_City,_Arizona_(3227888290).jpg">Ken Lund on Wikimedia Commons</a></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Arkansas</h2>
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The <a href="http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=7523">Shady Lake CCC Bridges</a> were built by Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) crews as part of the Shady Lake Dam project begun in October 1935. The bridges, built of native fieldstone with arches supported by corrugated steel culverts, were completed in December 1936 and are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.<br />
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<a href="http://www.arkansaspreservation.com/National-Register-Listings/PDF/PL0284.nr.pdf">Shady Lake CCC Bridge No. 1 </a>spans the South Fork of the Saline River on the eastern edge of Shady Lake in rural Polk County, Arkansas.<br />
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<a href="http://www.arkansaspreservation.com/National-Register-Listings/PDF/PL0285.nr.pdf">Shady Lake CCC Bridge No. 2 </a>spans the East Fork of the Saline River on the northern edge of Shady Lake in rural Polk County, Arkansas.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG6okDGy9eOUr84IyQmygsuIV0UHtZ67tcWR9w4QVtI1tgHDgZhNJ3scndJYrPKW0uDCAehqj7F8a0BrEl175i0QxO4XDygz7OC7QZq5KRe1bCRVKMMMKmg3z1W6ijKlZgtc1BfCGdnvs/s1600/Shady_Lake_CCC_Bridge_No_1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG6okDGy9eOUr84IyQmygsuIV0UHtZ67tcWR9w4QVtI1tgHDgZhNJ3scndJYrPKW0uDCAehqj7F8a0BrEl175i0QxO4XDygz7OC7QZq5KRe1bCRVKMMMKmg3z1W6ijKlZgtc1BfCGdnvs/s640/Shady_Lake_CCC_Bridge_No_1.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The 40-foot long Shady Lake CCC Bridge No. 1 sits on the wooded slopes of the Ouachita Mountains over the South Fork of the Saline River in Polk County, Arkansas.<br />Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shady_Lake_CCC_Bridge_No_1.JPG">Jerry Turner on Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz0p_Xr3vW-c89fQOpVX0grJEokoXBdRr-UVt2vjQpPLR7AEZURBU2fOIEcj4hg0l8dwJQaFACY33_xBt4CbZLGivL28xqlj-vH1vPIHu3-PPxzXwzxfpl-LdsMtcM2Gu-rRtkDblS8WI/s1600/Shady_Lake_CCC_Bridge_No_2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz0p_Xr3vW-c89fQOpVX0grJEokoXBdRr-UVt2vjQpPLR7AEZURBU2fOIEcj4hg0l8dwJQaFACY33_xBt4CbZLGivL28xqlj-vH1vPIHu3-PPxzXwzxfpl-LdsMtcM2Gu-rRtkDblS8WI/s640/Shady_Lake_CCC_Bridge_No_2.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Shady Lake CCC Bridge No. 2 is a double-span bridge about 60-feet in length and sits on the wooded slopes of the Ouachita Mountains over the East Fork of the Saline River in Polk County, Arkansas.<br />Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shady_Lake_CCC_Bridge_No_2.JPG">Jerry Turner on Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span><br />
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">California</span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: small;">You can find the <a href="http://peace.maripo.com/x_us_ca_south.htm">Frank A. Miller Testimonial Peace Tower and Friendship Bridge </a>on Mount Rubidoux in Riverside, California. In 1925, the city of Riverside decided to build a bridge to commemorate the work done by Frank Miller and his family. <a href="http://californiathroughmylens.com/2011/11/mt-rubidoux-trail-and-memorial-park-in-riverside-ca/">The dedication plaque reads</a>:</span></div>
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Peace with Justice for all men. Anno Domini 1925. This bridge was built by neighbors and friends of Frank Augustus Miller in recognition of his constant labor in the promotion of civic beauty, community righteousness and world peace.</blockquote>
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The names and coats of arms of all nations in 1925 are displayed on the stone tower. The stone bridge is a replica of the <a href="http://www.bridgesdb.com/bridge-list/alcantara-bridge/">Alcántara bridge in Spain</a>.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPaGEfI0fbQUTvdchojc2hQXn3iFpgj3eD8BLwk7SIl2Mkm6p5q3lKSYZkUAqAcvj_PsR5oUkHkuSRZG20vOhwqgLftZXsuoRWC7zBu1sq0BRMT1B_EA4ukULmztLlWYioS3gdOqBj4m0/s1600/1024px-World_Peace_Bridge_Riverside_CA_20100226.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="540" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPaGEfI0fbQUTvdchojc2hQXn3iFpgj3eD8BLwk7SIl2Mkm6p5q3lKSYZkUAqAcvj_PsR5oUkHkuSRZG20vOhwqgLftZXsuoRWC7zBu1sq0BRMT1B_EA4ukULmztLlWYioS3gdOqBj4m0/s640/1024px-World_Peace_Bridge_Riverside_CA_20100226.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The World Peace Bridge on Mount Rubidoux in Riverside, California is a replica of the Alcántara Bridge in Spain.<br />Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_Peace_Bridge_Riverside_CA_20100226.jpg">MissionInn.Jim on Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Colorado </h2>
Located in Prowers County, Colorado and built in 1936 by the Works Progress Administration, the <a href="https://bridgehunter.com/co/prowers/douglas/">Douglas Crossing Bridge</a> is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The bridge has six 14-foot spans which total 112.8 ft in length over Two Butte Creek.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLq43WFS6VfXezJpBIFIUyoh43JcljNRTiCuyVHHIrTbiMWN4LFkXxMwKLJxMQe0us9M4iob6_vGOF-AwU6UAyqmDIEP6dqki3wskQCmNEQM0b4bNWvUYNh6F69ZGPCHHT5tXIVPdqxRI/s1600/800px-Douglas_Crossing_Bridge.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLq43WFS6VfXezJpBIFIUyoh43JcljNRTiCuyVHHIrTbiMWN4LFkXxMwKLJxMQe0us9M4iob6_vGOF-AwU6UAyqmDIEP6dqki3wskQCmNEQM0b4bNWvUYNh6F69ZGPCHHT5tXIVPdqxRI/s640/800px-Douglas_Crossing_Bridge.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The six-span stone arch Douglas Crossing Bridge in Prowers County, Colorado was built in 1936.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Douglas_Crossing_Bridge.JPG">Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Connecticut</h2>
The <a href="http://tourwindsorct.org/historic/FarmingtonRiverRai/">Farmington River Railroad Bridge</a> over the Farmington River in Connecticut is a beautiful example of a stone arch bridge and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. This picturesque sandstone arched bridge is 464 feet long and 30 feet wide and has carried trains from Harford to Springfield for about 150 years.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSlqlg0YbWopy0HEAjg0V-a2-AQuZ3qpbLhoxxGzsmOFUNO-I2hzH-s9nfzN65cFzPY5zbKrIwu6AwIeejs-yCJ1HK_cu5aY8zpVJrNaRzwEySZvCXcZG4wk8xif1ybNmOV3YJZLA3610/s1600/Farmington_River_Railroad_Bridge%252C_Windsor_CT.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSlqlg0YbWopy0HEAjg0V-a2-AQuZ3qpbLhoxxGzsmOFUNO-I2hzH-s9nfzN65cFzPY5zbKrIwu6AwIeejs-yCJ1HK_cu5aY8zpVJrNaRzwEySZvCXcZG4wk8xif1ybNmOV3YJZLA3610/s640/Farmington_River_Railroad_Bridge%252C_Windsor_CT.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The historic stone arch Farmington River Railroad Bridge in Windsor, Connecticut was built in 1867.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Farmington_River_Railroad_Bridge,_Windsor_CT.jpg">John Phelan on Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<h2>
<b>Delaware</b></h2>
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There are several old stone culverts and bridges in New Castle County, Delaware. This one is the New Castle and Frenchtown Railroad Bridge in New Castle, New Castle County, Delaware which was posted on Facebook. <a href="https://www.loc.gov/item/de0106/">The Library of Congress</a> has more photos of stone culverts which cross Perch Creek in New Castle County.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA1q9wC2y-T4xh-6UpdkCUCj4ohDtQSMdcVn-kzFp9blyIQlM7gXLN3ekhTJ1Nte3hzBmtX3cycTdyRRAIgzYZIYKv9rXmJ-kIYAIs-BQJtnWrgIVQTHtIg21tejas35R98UlqoebHLMs/s1600/New+castle+and+frenchtown+Railroad+rightofway.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="536" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA1q9wC2y-T4xh-6UpdkCUCj4ohDtQSMdcVn-kzFp9blyIQlM7gXLN3ekhTJ1Nte3hzBmtX3cycTdyRRAIgzYZIYKv9rXmJ-kIYAIs-BQJtnWrgIVQTHtIg21tejas35R98UlqoebHLMs/s640/New+castle+and+frenchtown+Railroad+rightofway.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>An old stone bridge at New Castle and Frenchtown Railroad Right-of-Way in Delaware still supports vehicle traffic on a county road.<br />Source: <a href="https://www.facebook.com/delmarvahistory/photos/a.759892137415464.1073741933.559457044125642/759895847415093/?type=3&theater">Delmarva History on Facebook</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Florida</h2>
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Named after the endangered Torreya tree, Torreya State Park is located about 13 miles north of Bristol, Florida. The park and the structures within the park, including the <a href="http://www.waltonoutdoors.com/hike-camp-along-the-apalachicola-river-bluffs-at-torreya-state-park/">Torreya Stone Arch Bridge</a>, were built in the 1930s by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). The picturesque bridge sits at the base of a ravine and is visible from the main hiking trail in the park.</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4A5bB2isR65DfUY6bnQlEvKlBkWeLKoMEYMcCbxXjIEcKLy3TxZnSZZcSnoRNWf5JhUEBqOVp5Nt8eMKAZ02MN9fQspdYQI0evFPQvSj82ehEw-RaMoWlo_tQWD1FIJTu7h6YjWvGBQM/s1600/Torreya+Stone+Bridge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4A5bB2isR65DfUY6bnQlEvKlBkWeLKoMEYMcCbxXjIEcKLy3TxZnSZZcSnoRNWf5JhUEBqOVp5Nt8eMKAZ02MN9fQspdYQI0evFPQvSj82ehEw-RaMoWlo_tQWD1FIJTu7h6YjWvGBQM/s640/Torreya+Stone+Bridge.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>This gorgeous picture of the Torreya Stone Arch Bridge in Florida's Torreya State Park was taken by Marsha and Bernie on <a href="https://thenomadiclife.net/2016/02/22/torreya/">The Nomadic Life.</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Georgia</h2>
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Take a Civil War tour of the <a href="https://www.nps.gov/chch/index.htm">Chickamauga National Military Park</a> in Georgia and visit a beautiful example of a stone bridge. The <a href="https://bridgehunter.com/ga/catoosa/bh60038/">Lafayette Road Stone Arch Bridge</a> spans a creek on Lafayette Road in Catoosa County, Georgia near the Chickamauga National Military Park's visitor's center.</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF8B56AUy5b8MRY5Lj44KT8VHK_hMeT7KPb5emnn4FyMtV3-nuxcqJUB7CxCnSMnC9Ghks9hGJTJ3mHxDa_u6iXsy3kUDiPIx3tEEoyghBlNeKObJq0rM3EwgsBfQ5UwtVehHDN0IhNeM/s1600/lafayette.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="510" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF8B56AUy5b8MRY5Lj44KT8VHK_hMeT7KPb5emnn4FyMtV3-nuxcqJUB7CxCnSMnC9Ghks9hGJTJ3mHxDa_u6iXsy3kUDiPIx3tEEoyghBlNeKObJq0rM3EwgsBfQ5UwtVehHDN0IhNeM/s640/lafayette.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The Lafayette Road Bridge is near the visitor's center in the Chickamauga National Military Park, Fort Oglethorpe, Catoosa County, Georgia.<br />Source: <a href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/hhh.ga0761.photos.317831p/?co=hh">Library of Congress</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Hawaii</h2>
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Two stone arch bridges can be found on Hana Highway on between Haiku and Kaipahulu, Hana, Maui County, Hawaii. Both bridges were built in 1910 with 20-foot arch spans and 25-foot total lengths. The <a href="https://bridgehunter.com/hi/maui/9003600904304/">Hahalawe Stream Bridge</a> arches over Hahalawe Stream on Hana Highway while the <a href="https://bridgehunter.com/hi/maui/9003600904358/">Waiele Stream Bridge </a>arches over Waiele Stream on the same highway.</div>
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The Hana Belt Road is a remnant of Maui's around-the-island road system, is relatively unaltered, and a portion is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The road has the "highest concentration of stylistically consistent historic bridges and culverts in the State of Hawaii," according to the <a href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/hi0808.photos.219724p/">Library of Congress.</a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7g0RaXrljUhjZc1EBABya7_WWXA3nE85OLwkWtmPR1EoK464AeKJJqYLfEo21xN2iE7WjIzN5PVl92ZlC4ar4ynRRV4W4S02YI50pYlHYQ53fejPFflDUoKZSFgTCExAbCQ8-p0e4v1k/s1600/Hahalawe_Bridge%252C_near_MM_43%252C_note_stone_arch_construction%252C_downstream_view_-_Hana_Belt_Road%252C_Between_Haiku_and_Kaipahulu%252C_Hana%252C_Maui_County%252C_HI_HAER_HI-75-136.tif.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7g0RaXrljUhjZc1EBABya7_WWXA3nE85OLwkWtmPR1EoK464AeKJJqYLfEo21xN2iE7WjIzN5PVl92ZlC4ar4ynRRV4W4S02YI50pYlHYQ53fejPFflDUoKZSFgTCExAbCQ8-p0e4v1k/s640/Hahalawe_Bridge%252C_near_MM_43%252C_note_stone_arch_construction%252C_downstream_view_-_Hana_Belt_Road%252C_Between_Haiku_and_Kaipahulu%252C_Hana%252C_Maui_County%252C_HI_HAER_HI-75-136.tif.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The Hahalawe Stone Arch Bridge is located on Hana Belt Road near MM 43 between Haiku and Kaipahulu, Hana, Maui County, Hawaii.<br />Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hahalawe_Bridge,_near_MM_43,_note_stone_arch_construction,_downstream_view_-_Hana_Belt_Road,_Between_Haiku_and_Kaipahulu,_Hana,_Maui_County,_HI_HAER_HI-75-136.tif">Jet Lowe on Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMq2_g1_JrFNxTah-l9vHpR9ydZHSeQ0BqwMUhLeFJ6ayAqsD2jw0AQVG4H9hpWwinOKIoOG7wLnxKML8SIaKOcawd11QEhA60xG1RuIGCOtivZgjMqor3hUZkVK-XGbPOMwHCoIYoWE0/s1600/Waiele_Bridge%252C_view_from_downstream_-_Hana_Belt_Road%252C_Between_Haiku_and_Kaipahulu%252C_Hana%252C_Maui_County%252C_HI_HAER_HI-75-140.tif.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMq2_g1_JrFNxTah-l9vHpR9ydZHSeQ0BqwMUhLeFJ6ayAqsD2jw0AQVG4H9hpWwinOKIoOG7wLnxKML8SIaKOcawd11QEhA60xG1RuIGCOtivZgjMqor3hUZkVK-XGbPOMwHCoIYoWE0/s640/Waiele_Bridge%252C_view_from_downstream_-_Hana_Belt_Road%252C_Between_Haiku_and_Kaipahulu%252C_Hana%252C_Maui_County%252C_HI_HAER_HI-75-140.tif.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The Waiele Bridge is located on Hana Belt Road between Haiku and Kaipahulu, Hana, Maui County, Hawaii.<br />Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Waiele_Bridge,_view_from_downstream_-_Hana_Belt_Road,_Between_Haiku_and_Kaipahulu,_Hana,_Maui_County,_HI_HAER_HI-75-140.tif">Jet Lowe on Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Idaho</h2>
The <a href="https://www.fs.fed.us/eng/pubs/htmlpubs/htm00712854/page08.htm">Deep Creek Masonry Arch Bridge</a> spanning Deep Creek on FR 468A in Idaho's Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness preserve was built by Lithuanian stone masons in the CCC in the 1930s. The stones were hand cut and placed to perfection. The arch was designed by Arthur Kahl, the USDA Forest Service regional bridge engineer between 1934 and 1962.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOJ_fBA_JaPyytSlzuZQTPizXXXzavg5ZmrNDTDUVtbAoLbvkm4GyZStdZNCa_0Kj6ismDqWZQ31DFgYJqC7xb4yyJu0g2DZ4mwVI05CugG4KDK3yGxyqDqVQ2Wd70uscPy-RGWk8Ryt4/s1600/deepcreek.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOJ_fBA_JaPyytSlzuZQTPizXXXzavg5ZmrNDTDUVtbAoLbvkm4GyZStdZNCa_0Kj6ismDqWZQ31DFgYJqC7xb4yyJu0g2DZ4mwVI05CugG4KDK3yGxyqDqVQ2Wd70uscPy-RGWk8Ryt4/s640/deepcreek.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Deep Creek Bridge in the Frank Church Wilderness Area in Idaho was built entirely of hand-cut stones.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="http://ricksreeladventures.blogspot.com/2013/09/the-magruder-road.html">Rick's Reel Adventures</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Illinois</h2>
The <a href="http://gis.hpa.state.il.us/PDFs/200913.pdf">Illinois Central Stone Arch Railroad Bridges</a> are three bridges in Dixon, Illinois built of native Galena coursed limestone. The stones were placed without bond and were cut to fit with keys to prevent slippage. These elegant bridges have remained virtually unchanged since they were built in 1852-1855 and are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiANvfLMwMl271riBihItBG-kqWP7JBvM2FSiWo4gZMFhBnJnjZflWPbQVQMnUcGh7sDKj67CI8Mdr8L2Gwr7PPr8yo49UE9GBW0w4CuwecnwBrfm1QLThS8xj0AaZS9lVIKlJjq4KIeEA/s1600/1024px-Dixon_IL_ICRR_First_St_Bridge1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiANvfLMwMl271riBihItBG-kqWP7JBvM2FSiWo4gZMFhBnJnjZflWPbQVQMnUcGh7sDKj67CI8Mdr8L2Gwr7PPr8yo49UE9GBW0w4CuwecnwBrfm1QLThS8xj0AaZS9lVIKlJjq4KIeEA/s640/1024px-Dixon_IL_ICRR_First_St_Bridge1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Illinois Central Stone Arch Railroad Bridges, bridge over First Street, Dixon, Illinois. </i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dixon_IL_ICRR_First_St_Bridge1.jpg">IvoShandor on Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAAaaAxXeDzj2ZZW0AS8XifSqQylze4hEGH0Xc9EZd9_6pqdAv0WQA7TTfPiUEzW8vDlIDnE_ktISf_8p7PRH_4fxhv70pLUYcDLDaZXywO8_TnG1DyrAtZpecZZ9jqM0b-HMJVYiT7zc/s1600/1024px-Dixon_Il_ICRR_Second_St_Bridge7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAAaaAxXeDzj2ZZW0AS8XifSqQylze4hEGH0Xc9EZd9_6pqdAv0WQA7TTfPiUEzW8vDlIDnE_ktISf_8p7PRH_4fxhv70pLUYcDLDaZXywO8_TnG1DyrAtZpecZZ9jqM0b-HMJVYiT7zc/s640/1024px-Dixon_Il_ICRR_Second_St_Bridge7.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Illinois Central Stone Arch Railroad Bridges, bridge over Second Street, Dixon, Illinois. </i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dixon_Il_ICRR_Second_St_Bridge7.jpg">IvoShandor on Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8laLKWNw9BL-EIm9YRm0VKvYejqaPk7_h24wLUY8HaRUbH8sZh_ISc2EjcxcBRN_N8NV3Whh_A7OyHlM7bS3MManSOyyXqnvhiRpV5t0NB-zFl1S4cB4_Gx0QnY2-kcNHaPm1SJrE3IQ/s1600/1024px-Dixon_Il_ICRR_Third_St_Bridge2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8laLKWNw9BL-EIm9YRm0VKvYejqaPk7_h24wLUY8HaRUbH8sZh_ISc2EjcxcBRN_N8NV3Whh_A7OyHlM7bS3MManSOyyXqnvhiRpV5t0NB-zFl1S4cB4_Gx0QnY2-kcNHaPm1SJrE3IQ/s640/1024px-Dixon_Il_ICRR_Third_St_Bridge2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Illinois Central Stone Arch Railroad Bridges, bridge over Third Street (nicknamed "Little Sister" because of its lower clearance than the other two stone arch bridges in Dixon), Dixon, Illinois.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dixon_Il_ICRR_Third_St_Bridge2.jpg">IvoShandor on Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Indiana</h2>
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Built by the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1933, the <a href="https://secure.in.gov/apps/dnr/shaard/r/20be1/N/Stone_Arch_Bridge_over_McCormicks_Creek_Owen_CO_Nom.pdf">Stone Arch Bridge over McCormick's Creek</a> in McCormick's Creek State Park is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. According to the NRHP registration form, this bridge is the "best example of an arched bridge constructed by the CCC in any Indiana state park." It is built completely of rough-cut limestone, most of it salvaged from the grout pile at a quarry east of Ellettsville. The cornerstone on the bridge contains photographs and the names of everyone who worked on it.</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKuYrVZqXr6hFrZ3C1ksjE0KueNUqP2mIMR4NOouO0ocimrgWOozOQl9bGCA4ZTLyoWS1lIV79KbGDmPtKV8MqVr_Rz3NXkJLKITvT_SCXnNVLweEUAX8FlIbRL-YqcZUEErv7rFwa3Rw/s1600/1024px-Stone_Arch_Bridge_over_McCormick%2527s_Creek%252C_western_side_from_stream.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKuYrVZqXr6hFrZ3C1ksjE0KueNUqP2mIMR4NOouO0ocimrgWOozOQl9bGCA4ZTLyoWS1lIV79KbGDmPtKV8MqVr_Rz3NXkJLKITvT_SCXnNVLweEUAX8FlIbRL-YqcZUEErv7rFwa3Rw/s640/1024px-Stone_Arch_Bridge_over_McCormick%2527s_Creek%252C_western_side_from_stream.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The magnificent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Arch_Bridge_over_McCormick's_Creek">Stone Arch Bridge</a> over McCormick's Creek in McCormick's Creek State Park east of Spencer in Washington Township, Owen County, Indiana has a round arch with a 54-foot span that is about 25 feet high.<br />Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stone_Arch_Bridge_over_McCormick%27s_Creek,_western_side_from_stream.jpg">Nyttend on Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Iowa</h2>
Built in 1889, the <a href="http://www.elkader-iowa.com/Keystone-bridge7.html">Elkader Keystone Bridge</a> in Elkader, Iowa is a 346-feet long, double-span stone arch bridge over the Turkey river and is the longest of its type west of the Mississippi. It was built of limestone from a local quarry and took nine months to construct. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_gBDFXkt3_u3nZKUHBDl49oDDmdjmqd_c0b_26ZLxgE07WjUHodPybv_vVZ8MNdKGsQFBRC_KMRrUQ8bd3zRZqJIRuiQjRROIoBPPxRssPVNHFCwXWC2d-Raj40doLWnLDrbrw_KfBEw/s1600/Elkader_Keystone_Bridge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="498" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_gBDFXkt3_u3nZKUHBDl49oDDmdjmqd_c0b_26ZLxgE07WjUHodPybv_vVZ8MNdKGsQFBRC_KMRrUQ8bd3zRZqJIRuiQjRROIoBPPxRssPVNHFCwXWC2d-Raj40doLWnLDrbrw_KfBEw/s640/Elkader_Keystone_Bridge.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The <a href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/76000747.pdf">Elkader Keystone Bridge</a> in Elkader, Iowa is a prime example of 19th Century stone bridge construction.<br />Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elkader_Keystone_Bridge.jpg">Joseph Elliott on Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Kansas</h2>
If you happen to be in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clements,_Kansas">Clements, Kansas</a>, you can find the <a href="http://www.kansastravel.org/clementsbridge.htm">Clements Stone Arch Bridge</a>, spanning the Cottonwood River just about a half mile south of the unincorporated community. Completed sometime in 1888, this beautiful double-arched bridge has been closed to traffic for some time, but can still be traversed by foot.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg18oAACzHvVFQq-oAsy121gRwv4goSeYgBkxWvwCwGVrbt-stjk7CY39Ql-sphenjTX6ZkG7VB_tHZT8Z8aCWCNvTOgiGX1Ft5psR_2xju1DA_y0UZTs3VJd-bHoZ9f2uBnlc9F4B5hHo/s1600/1024px-US-KS-ClementsStoneArchBridge-001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg18oAACzHvVFQq-oAsy121gRwv4goSeYgBkxWvwCwGVrbt-stjk7CY39Ql-sphenjTX6ZkG7VB_tHZT8Z8aCWCNvTOgiGX1Ft5psR_2xju1DA_y0UZTs3VJd-bHoZ9f2uBnlc9F4B5hHo/s640/1024px-US-KS-ClementsStoneArchBridge-001.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The Clements Stone Arch Bridge in Chase County, Kansas is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.<br />Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:US-KS-ClementsStoneArchBridge-001.jpg">Brylie on Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Kentucky</h2>
Built in about 1930 by the Works Progress Administration (WPA), the <a href="https://bridgehunter.com/ky/jessamine/bh36566/">Glass Mill Bridge</a> is a four-span stone arch bridge in Wilmore, Jessamine County, Kentucky. This limestone bridge looks very old and European even though it is younger than 100 years. Its 125 feet length spans the Jessamine Creek on Ky-1268.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghQO_FGypf2yAAuq32MN1aAgyH4EqZxAx9oPbQK24s_PY2ZypKBFKlOloNJhN_OkAdDOhkUqRiAejfiG8X6HXIOpCqf3Vcxg1oC82p19eXFk6RWaUrldN4-uaifFHGOBbLyMLIc1tYq7E/s1600/JessamineBridge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="418" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghQO_FGypf2yAAuq32MN1aAgyH4EqZxAx9oPbQK24s_PY2ZypKBFKlOloNJhN_OkAdDOhkUqRiAejfiG8X6HXIOpCqf3Vcxg1oC82p19eXFk6RWaUrldN4-uaifFHGOBbLyMLIc1tYq7E/s640/JessamineBridge.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The <a href="http://www.kentucky.com/news/local/counties/jessamine-county/article44041728.html">Glass Mill Bridge</a> suffered some damage in 2010 after a crane was put on the top of the span to remove trees and debris accumulated after a flood. Engineers monitored it for months before declaring it safe.<br />Source: <a href="http://archive.constantcontact.com/fs051/1101861701430/archive/1102280954862.html">Your Rice Family Ezine</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Louisiana</h2>
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<a href="http://neworleanscitypark.com/art-and-architecture">Three stone bridges in New Orleans City Park</a> in Louisiana date back to the early 20th Century. The first bridge, the Langles Stone Bridge was built in 1902 in memory of Angela M. Langles for her gift of $650.00 to City Park. Ms. Langles and her mother died on July 4, 1898, after the French steamboat they were on, the La Bourgogne sank after colliding with another ship in the North Atlantic.</div>
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The second stone bridge, <a href="http://neworleanscitypark.com/blog/a-secret-bridge-called-goldfish">The Goldfish Bridge</a>, was built in 1902 and spans Bayou Metairie. Thirdly, is the <a href="http://neworleanscitypark.com/blog/a-lil-history-for-the-day...built-in-1902-this-is-the-pichot-stone-bridge">Pichot Stone Bridge</a>, a rough-hewn cobblestone bridge dedicated to the memory of Henrietta M. Leonie Pichot for her gift of $192.00 in 1901 to City Park. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ6ngbf-DyJSOVzCf2rP8xoOq-PPpR4S3nVdAHogbxv4CkZjG5qzX_YbQTiUTNCJxAcmUEvUS3oi2CK8lDEfdExte6i56RZDrVsdj-I0QHBA7r_rV6MwrsU-JVO9Yi48CXmOUCIdU1EgE/s1600/1024px-City_Park_Bayou_Bridge.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ6ngbf-DyJSOVzCf2rP8xoOq-PPpR4S3nVdAHogbxv4CkZjG5qzX_YbQTiUTNCJxAcmUEvUS3oi2CK8lDEfdExte6i56RZDrVsdj-I0QHBA7r_rV6MwrsU-JVO9Yi48CXmOUCIdU1EgE/s640/1024px-City_Park_Bayou_Bridge.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The Langle Stone Arch Bridge sits over the mostly filled in Bayou Metairie in City Park, New Orleans, Louisiana.<br />Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:City_Park_Bayou_Bridge.JPG">Infrogmation on Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgREi5oz60298Y4rQiOerMh4MeAZpfAiTIaTYS0wyDMOVmwWozU5uSmKdeC-97Lp62yEs0Phk4KQ-iiUafY5gQqCwXZatrxXNxy5sMxMSZNHZ5vFBaG6-sJ4MEHg5krzQvARSBAbpdGXek/s1600/goldfish-bridge1_600_400.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgREi5oz60298Y4rQiOerMh4MeAZpfAiTIaTYS0wyDMOVmwWozU5uSmKdeC-97Lp62yEs0Phk4KQ-iiUafY5gQqCwXZatrxXNxy5sMxMSZNHZ5vFBaG6-sJ4MEHg5krzQvARSBAbpdGXek/s640/goldfish-bridge1_600_400.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The Goldfish Stone Bridge is the only way in New Orleans City Park to visit Goldfish Island and repair work was recently sponsored by the McLoughlin Family.<br />Source: <a href="http://neworleanscitypark.com/blog/a-secret-bridge-called-goldfish">New Orleans City Park</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4JRq2zMPlRfXIntGUcU3AZu2qVR6hC0zhYxVvVnRoWZqLnO5AG1w-OHyq9C5mGj4QUpxEUcJvxeY1g7QvzlipQsKvE2X2InHx7-Xwkil0T2uPRUpFwjDqT9XDr2pnUBlfMbrmub5PKMI/s1600/Pichot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4JRq2zMPlRfXIntGUcU3AZu2qVR6hC0zhYxVvVnRoWZqLnO5AG1w-OHyq9C5mGj4QUpxEUcJvxeY1g7QvzlipQsKvE2X2InHx7-Xwkil0T2uPRUpFwjDqT9XDr2pnUBlfMbrmub5PKMI/s640/Pichot.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The Pichot Stone Bridge leads to a tiny peninsula overlooking Bayou Metairie.<br />Source: <a href="http://neworleanscitypark.com/blog/a-lil-history-for-the-day...built-in-1902-this-is-the-pichot-stone-bridge">New Orleans City Park</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Maine</h2>
During the early 20th Century, John D. Rockefeller Jr. designed and financed over 45 miles of carriage roads and 16 spectacular <a href="http://www.nationalparkstraveler.com/2010/01/bridges-acadia-national-park-and-mount-desert-island5293">Carriage Road Bridges in Acadia National Park</a> in the forests of Mount Desert Island in Maine. Every bridge is built with hand-hewn local granite. I couldn't choose just one bridge to post, so here are all sixteen!<br />
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4JTXrjGGmnaOekIfTDkaqm8r17sBwHzefu4brE5W_1-HJFuiDA5636YUGjyQZtXoEFwllvvhy9WYr0PxqIvdfaqS_0PF7E0yKperhbNGg92Tb82uStzIn9z5VeZ-woSmDYLIalBYooSk/s1600/JordanPondBridge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4JTXrjGGmnaOekIfTDkaqm8r17sBwHzefu4brE5W_1-HJFuiDA5636YUGjyQZtXoEFwllvvhy9WYr0PxqIvdfaqS_0PF7E0yKperhbNGg92Tb82uStzIn9z5VeZ-woSmDYLIalBYooSk/s640/JordanPondBridge.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Built in 1920, the Jordan Pond Bridge is a 20-foot single segment arch span and is 40 feet long.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="http://selectstone.com/">selectstone.com</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI12wrxd1_tq25WUZfF2kFO2GgrndqK4JxdlXxfk8y0x8TUMLIXXZVwXRiE4Y6bIHvISzKb2cNhLzK8N7te1NBZ9e4XqPmoa03qqN0PSFW3-R0tvCLvcwvr5QZsPEBNTA4xu3jEduMAYA/s1600/WestBranchBridge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI12wrxd1_tq25WUZfF2kFO2GgrndqK4JxdlXxfk8y0x8TUMLIXXZVwXRiE4Y6bIHvISzKb2cNhLzK8N7te1NBZ9e4XqPmoa03qqN0PSFW3-R0tvCLvcwvr5QZsPEBNTA4xu3jEduMAYA/s640/WestBranchBridge.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The West Branch Bridge, built in 1931, stands 170 feet high with a 6-foot stone arch span and curves over the Jordan Stream ravine</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="http://selectstone.com/">selectstone.com</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtmlOjSPm8i1wsunzuwQPJTtUUOvQlPGauZ0MNlO4l2v-r0tENN7QPofTFt4kbB10BH1poMK0UA2tiwWhBrDyYqZYopBBWdxnJ_EogfYrciStA_pAv9KJ5bFcdz0uvtiREUZzRIxGGfnQ/s1600/beech-mountain-and-jordan-stream-085.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtmlOjSPm8i1wsunzuwQPJTtUUOvQlPGauZ0MNlO4l2v-r0tENN7QPofTFt4kbB10BH1poMK0UA2tiwWhBrDyYqZYopBBWdxnJ_EogfYrciStA_pAv9KJ5bFcdz0uvtiREUZzRIxGGfnQ/s640/beech-mountain-and-jordan-stream-085.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Spanning Jordan Stream and built in 1917, the Cobblestone Bridge was the first to be built and is unique with its rounded boulder facing.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="https://acadiansoul.wordpress.com/2012/10/02/cobblestone-bridge/">Acadian Soul</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhExG0QpLgICp_mXy3bXI0yOmoxkSqjO3P2Vig99JNCaeRBXaijjVhllta3e3Clt_1f5-8vEkvJfuSs8BcgZMtXR2Fn0FUhmbTrUkU7KmfKApVfew_3XuN2VjI8wyk_ml2_0AF9PVPZGUs/s1600/5217208298_6acb10efa2_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhExG0QpLgICp_mXy3bXI0yOmoxkSqjO3P2Vig99JNCaeRBXaijjVhllta3e3Clt_1f5-8vEkvJfuSs8BcgZMtXR2Fn0FUhmbTrUkU7KmfKApVfew_3XuN2VjI8wyk_ml2_0AF9PVPZGUs/s640/5217208298_6acb10efa2_b.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Built in 1933, the Stanley Brook Bridge connects Seal Harbor Beach and Jordon Pond with its triple arches. Stanley Brook road runs under the main arch and the two smaller arches cross Stanley Brook and the Seaside Path.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/string_bass_dave/5217208298/">David Brossard on flickr</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTmO8f8J7EvgN8InacrmqHYYOj07YUcKfhy4XmpSyX-1ly_yz76QJ-Sd89-IWr1Nw4_kjKMBgMcFtOgZR6GibijMWcik_VwKUobR3jdZoyg597PlXNqz_K1pr4G7nakossRqo5-VLDRbk/s1600/113077015.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTmO8f8J7EvgN8InacrmqHYYOj07YUcKfhy4XmpSyX-1ly_yz76QJ-Sd89-IWr1Nw4_kjKMBgMcFtOgZR6GibijMWcik_VwKUobR3jdZoyg597PlXNqz_K1pr4G7nakossRqo5-VLDRbk/s640/113077015.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The Jordan Pond Road Bridge was built in 1932 and carries automobiles over the carriage road from Seal Harbor to Jordan Pond.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="http://www.panoramio.com/photo/113077015">BA Bartlett on Panoramio</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrrFpYWkD-G7ivQ4eZWqP3unn_4R1tLUNuJZ_sk66Ll4v1XtccgKoXcnq-rzIjrVFRCRwZj4YDaiZf7DJcgI175XM5JEfnD58WfYr8meqTT5RUiAxG9bA9h61xDdFKulsNDXryyHgA8hA/s1600/19383601284_388d98325b_k.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrrFpYWkD-G7ivQ4eZWqP3unn_4R1tLUNuJZ_sk66Ll4v1XtccgKoXcnq-rzIjrVFRCRwZj4YDaiZf7DJcgI175XM5JEfnD58WfYr8meqTT5RUiAxG9bA9h61xDdFKulsNDXryyHgA8hA/s640/19383601284_388d98325b_k.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The Deer Brook Bridge was built in 1925 and stands tall above Deer Brook near Jordan Cliffs with its narrow 8-foot span double arches.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/daveynin/19383601284/">David Fulmer on flickr</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju3o4GgCpKIey7S0PghxZGit_sgWo0H9RbO6b2OQsgU2HuXXyolYM54YEf8Nk8_x3y-UdPrjddykF-LG1HxeBEDeTdPf4_8R68Rz70tt3plFmdhr7r24ALNwrLZVLYHymz0aQmbDPhdXM/s1600/deer-brook-chasm-brook-bridge-hike-049.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju3o4GgCpKIey7S0PghxZGit_sgWo0H9RbO6b2OQsgU2HuXXyolYM54YEf8Nk8_x3y-UdPrjddykF-LG1HxeBEDeTdPf4_8R68Rz70tt3plFmdhr7r24ALNwrLZVLYHymz0aQmbDPhdXM/s640/deer-brook-chasm-brook-bridge-hike-049.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>A smaller 20-foot arch span over Chasm Brook is the Chasm Brook Bridge, built in 1927.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="https://acadiansoul.wordpress.com/tag/chasm-brook/">Acadian Soul</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9UO7f1mE-b6LtWZf5BX9L1mVixBYUkCSMKiw2MNtIbK8oYqsXh7ZrkUFf-gPL40YSQOCu90ab6efnT6zdqWJO6GbvMjcCcBO9Fms8Ppgc3V4AywMCElKXPxGlNU1eZy4VkQYQG3GuWP0/s1600/Hemlock+%25282%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9UO7f1mE-b6LtWZf5BX9L1mVixBYUkCSMKiw2MNtIbK8oYqsXh7ZrkUFf-gPL40YSQOCu90ab6efnT6zdqWJO6GbvMjcCcBO9Fms8Ppgc3V4AywMCElKXPxGlNU1eZy4VkQYQG3GuWP0/s640/Hemlock+%25282%2529.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Crossing Maple Spring Brook is the impressive Gothic-arched Hemlock Bridge, built in 1925.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="http://gainsandlosseslifethroughsharonseyes.blogspot.com/2012/06/bridges-of-acadia-national-park.html">Gains and Losses: Life Through Sharon's Eyes</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk_ZcB9_PUVvzj-M3WP_vnoyxncqb8FEaey8Eq4EM4qLiP-Oevo1GryhkkoX-0qJhJOBIyffaG8TcwWGFO9tiSpyc2Drtxy2PgeTJ5hNS_kw49eMAzZ-oOWfNP_MnwW1E_YqYLPtqYcxo/s1600/1024px-Acadia_Carriage_Path_Bridge.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk_ZcB9_PUVvzj-M3WP_vnoyxncqb8FEaey8Eq4EM4qLiP-Oevo1GryhkkoX-0qJhJOBIyffaG8TcwWGFO9tiSpyc2Drtxy2PgeTJ5hNS_kw49eMAzZ-oOWfNP_MnwW1E_YqYLPtqYcxo/s640/1024px-Acadia_Carriage_Path_Bridge.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The 125-foot long Waterfall Bridge arches over Hadlock Brook and was completed in 1925.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source:<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acadia_Carriage_Path_Bridge.JPG"> Kevin A. Trostle on Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9yAlHTzYbrxWYFX9e1suKxsefOof5rkU_oxIhcnpQMRdgZKOxXFFJFfRUtIv7RpJ-FCVszUzF3NmcdvZvw4EGzvrwUxU4UgRyYNnA1cKuJWrDsKI2CtDTlIWyWlUYeIoWqyX3xYrkGKA/s1600/Hadlock.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9yAlHTzYbrxWYFX9e1suKxsefOof5rkU_oxIhcnpQMRdgZKOxXFFJFfRUtIv7RpJ-FCVszUzF3NmcdvZvw4EGzvrwUxU4UgRyYNnA1cKuJWrDsKI2CtDTlIWyWlUYeIoWqyX3xYrkGKA/s640/Hadlock.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Built in 1926, the 40-foot Hadlock Bridge also spans Hadlock Brook with its 20-foot span segmental arch. </i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="http://www.panoramio.com/photo/112335188#">BA Bartlett on Panoramio</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUBALLna69nIfItHm5oxwuEOGUCaDPuk6DY4lOJg28F8Ufk0-AXBkv4a-58Wkc1wXWeHGy0eOk4oL3dSwxaHOiav-aRRMDSqkVmDrKwYI60hWA7GnHkmo7ICp_tNQtLiBxs5b4cEpSZ8w/s1600/Eagle+Lake+%25282%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUBALLna69nIfItHm5oxwuEOGUCaDPuk6DY4lOJg28F8Ufk0-AXBkv4a-58Wkc1wXWeHGy0eOk4oL3dSwxaHOiav-aRRMDSqkVmDrKwYI60hWA7GnHkmo7ICp_tNQtLiBxs5b4cEpSZ8w/s640/Eagle+Lake+%25282%2529.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Built in 1927, Eagle Lake Bridge is 118 feet long and boasts a massive Gothic arch. State Route 233 crosses the bridge over the carriage road.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="http://gainsandlosseslifethroughsharonseyes.blogspot.com/2012/06/bridges-of-acadia-national-park.html">Gains and Losses: Life Through Sharon's Eyes</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKXRhhF6Soc2svEHmRyh9ezPnmiZ4NgsSLFAZMTWPy4i-Jq1GwiYQO7WAtHQEyFtELYMrCccUjinYnpLnG-2ObZjejJKXDdVwEsP7xyutWLPWm6DbEDf9OqnEXj0BK5ez5dggLBBlf49k/s1600/1024px-DUCK_BROOK_BRIDGE.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKXRhhF6Soc2svEHmRyh9ezPnmiZ4NgsSLFAZMTWPy4i-Jq1GwiYQO7WAtHQEyFtELYMrCccUjinYnpLnG-2ObZjejJKXDdVwEsP7xyutWLPWm6DbEDf9OqnEXj0BK5ez5dggLBBlf49k/s640/1024px-DUCK_BROOK_BRIDGE.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The stunning triple-arched Duck Brook Bridge, completed in 1929, has a central 30-foot span with 20-foot spans on either side.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="https://acadiansoul.wordpress.com/tag/acadia-national-park/page/10/">Acadian Soul</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_Ih92DS0d_3kWqCywNlNVYQSsKdMdxO2li3u9td3-fzlkx3cpCz8kZEoxbCaP4yIYSoz60GEMgrlrItM8gFu3lExXAHduriJUm0qXgWxHPvk5hqU3o6k3D4KK3ryOjmGRyXDvRUCBBpk/s1600/Bubble+Pond+%25281%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_Ih92DS0d_3kWqCywNlNVYQSsKdMdxO2li3u9td3-fzlkx3cpCz8kZEoxbCaP4yIYSoz60GEMgrlrItM8gFu3lExXAHduriJUm0qXgWxHPvk5hqU3o6k3D4KK3ryOjmGRyXDvRUCBBpk/s640/Bubble+Pond+%25281%2529.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>An elliptical-arched bridge, the Bubble Pond Bridge has a 30-foot arch span and was built in 1928.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="http://gainsandlosseslifethroughsharonseyes.blogspot.com/2012/06/bridges-of-acadia-national-park.html">Gains and Losses: Life Through Sharon's Eyes</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzXqJlo1ucXgHK1pWb7N12KWKEcrRM00zOsra756iYtOg9OtRllMgnrzOhLUMJC-8UyB8lJj4vL4voH_8BqnjkTEDFxAf-adVGsYzM-KsbjhMqPEoVJxnIM937bokzQxgUSnPSzEcWmsU/s1600/Little+Harbor+Brook.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzXqJlo1ucXgHK1pWb7N12KWKEcrRM00zOsra756iYtOg9OtRllMgnrzOhLUMJC-8UyB8lJj4vL4voH_8BqnjkTEDFxAf-adVGsYzM-KsbjhMqPEoVJxnIM937bokzQxgUSnPSzEcWmsU/s640/Little+Harbor+Brook.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>One of the earlier built bridges, completed in 1919, the Little Harbor Brook Bridge has a 20-foot arch span over Little Harbor Brook.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="http://gainsandlosseslifethroughsharonseyes.blogspot.com/2012/06/bridges-of-acadia-national-park.html">Gains and Losses: Life Through Sharon's Eyes</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ5Nl1M0RwgL8wWno_UGRePv5kAKy6Z4B5_kiT_HEASjEAbewzXHUTY2RLPk7LcXTE4bJVLJVNVGliIOaBpqJ_NHRcPzfUM_7-bByofC_IQ6XDsvgkrJUfrBF3t6217Gf01qfLLXyU4rY/s1600/Amphitheatre+%25286%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ5Nl1M0RwgL8wWno_UGRePv5kAKy6Z4B5_kiT_HEASjEAbewzXHUTY2RLPk7LcXTE4bJVLJVNVGliIOaBpqJ_NHRcPzfUM_7-bByofC_IQ6XDsvgkrJUfrBF3t6217Gf01qfLLXyU4rY/s640/Amphitheatre+%25286%2529.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The magnificent Amphitheatre Bridge was built in 1928 and is 236 feet long with a 50-foot rounded arch span.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="http://gainsandlosseslifethroughsharonseyes.blogspot.com/2012/06/bridges-of-acadia-national-park.html">Gains and Losses: Life Through Sharon's Eyes</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6DLQW4IumzUNyVOZsN8-qBWbTNp5QDtOWLkdoLN5lMFsKbiYwckVeQiSFmQfvAFftiSVCzqVaj8zDT1kK3tP0ZFxeoYzFpt_T6XJsGKE8hjPrF2KqnTuiCnL4FFBtGkgaQUuW5gqb5pM/s1600/Cliffside-Bridge-16151-1024x768.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6DLQW4IumzUNyVOZsN8-qBWbTNp5QDtOWLkdoLN5lMFsKbiYwckVeQiSFmQfvAFftiSVCzqVaj8zDT1kK3tP0ZFxeoYzFpt_T6XJsGKE8hjPrF2KqnTuiCnL4FFBtGkgaQUuW5gqb5pM/s640/Cliffside-Bridge-16151-1024x768.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Built in 1932, the Cliffside Bridge resembles a medieval English castle and is 232-feet long with a 50-foot span segmental arch spanning a ravine.<br />Source: <a href="http://selectstone.com/">Selectstone.com</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Maryland</h2>
The Union Arch Bridge in Cabin John, Maryland was built under the supervision of Captain Montgomery C. Meigs of the Army Corps of Engineers. The 220-foot masonry single-span arch was the longest span the world had ever seen at the time and its Massachusetts granite and Seneca sandstone trim inspired a plethora of postcards. It is well worth a visit and if you'd like to read more about its history or see some of the historical postcards, check out the <a href="http://www.streetsofwashington.com/2010/04/pride-and-prejudice-names-on-cabin-john.html">Streets of Washington blog</a>.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNVjUd59E8HbkSrG41kb9mMMTkMmmJb4puYfl5fksDQWvGZtmrrNuFVhxqBFt4HWueNAeIaLUXiNKm2k6cXXr88a1ButzTdue0fP6cKI4pbo8OKHz9NShKsy8oqUTYP91H4MONZetmYQM/s1600/1024px-Union_Arch_Bridge_MD_2008.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNVjUd59E8HbkSrG41kb9mMMTkMmmJb4puYfl5fksDQWvGZtmrrNuFVhxqBFt4HWueNAeIaLUXiNKm2k6cXXr88a1ButzTdue0fP6cKI4pbo8OKHz9NShKsy8oqUTYP91H4MONZetmYQM/s640/1024px-Union_Arch_Bridge_MD_2008.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The Union Arch Bridge in Cabin John, Maryland was completed in 1864 during the Civil War and was designed as part of the Washington Aqueduct.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Union_Arch_Bridge#/media/File:Union_Arch_Bridge_MD_2008.jpg">Moreau1 on Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Massachusetts </h2>
Ipswich, Massachusetts boasts the oldest documented surviving double stone arch bridge in North America--<a href="https://storiesfromipswich.org/the-choate-bridge/">the Choate Bridge</a>. The bridge was opened in 1764 and is a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark. Two elliptical arches of random-coursed granite ashlar blocks span 30 feet each. This is definitely on my "Must-See" list!<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVbFWkAeQnxrqrLtphdJkxWV0Dv16kNl_H3WyBxfi7f4p79goIMh_PCarNM6kcc9QxzipWG4kfrlJQB8WxGVKQrbsIBfMA3eoo_NciSjjFg24gC3tYZR3Gftdb5BRCChDsgl2D5t0z6TA/s1600/800px-IpswichMA_ChoateBridge_NearView.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVbFWkAeQnxrqrLtphdJkxWV0Dv16kNl_H3WyBxfi7f4p79goIMh_PCarNM6kcc9QxzipWG4kfrlJQB8WxGVKQrbsIBfMA3eoo_NciSjjFg24gC3tYZR3Gftdb5BRCChDsgl2D5t0z6TA/s640/800px-IpswichMA_ChoateBridge_NearView.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: small;">The Choate Bridge in Ipswich, Massachusetts is the oldest double stone arch bridge in North America.<br />Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IpswichMA_ChoateBridge_NearView.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></i></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Michigan</h2>
Constructed in 1891 and still standing today, the <a href="http://travelthemitten.com/landmarks/michigan-roadside-attractions-historic-ramsay-keystone-bridge-in-gogebic-county/">Ramsay Keystone Bridge </a>is situated south from US-2 in Gogebic County in Ramsay, Michigan. The Chicago and Northwestern Railroad built this impressive 57-foot high limestone bridge with a center keystone at the top which locks the bridge into place. It is, indeed, a rare find as well as one of the largest stone bridges in Michigan.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYebRlVqgRwIUgsfl_UUs5RwH2MGNgn7lu0-j4h5lEpZbSV_KUJ2YnCy_aEcZVnwVSNJFu79pvL62BmDZzuSrbMfuc6HS-wM0AuzmDQOcAE4zPjMy8Qykvyx7n3WiMIdlo3Kl6UxW_TEY/s1600/Ramsay.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYebRlVqgRwIUgsfl_UUs5RwH2MGNgn7lu0-j4h5lEpZbSV_KUJ2YnCy_aEcZVnwVSNJFu79pvL62BmDZzuSrbMfuc6HS-wM0AuzmDQOcAE4zPjMy8Qykvyx7n3WiMIdlo3Kl6UxW_TEY/s640/Ramsay.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The Keystone Bridge in Ramsay dates back to 1891 and is one of Michigan's largest stone arch bridges.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="http://www.uglyhedgehog.com/t-246224-1.html">Yooper 2 on Ugly Hedgehog</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Minnesota </h2>
The <a href="https://www.nps.gov/miss/planyourvisit/stonarch.htm">Stone Arch Bridge</a> over the Mississippi River in Minneapolis, Minnesota is one-of-a-kind. It measures 2100-feet long by 28-feet wide with 23 arches made of native granite and limestone. It is a beautiful example of a masonry bridge which is also a National Historic Engineering Landmark.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4rMF5zw8__MU2j7joPtKZTmThYXv4k_vB8i9esZksebEQH8GYeJNRRhX2zjk9K5DF761oTnur3-gVfK3euMMNTNVlFqdXeHrI4HV_8_1jg6yH-dvPMuv9xmO4zHAKGrkKUGbHCYQtssE/s1600/Minneapolis_Old_Stone_Arch_Bridge_Curve.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4rMF5zw8__MU2j7joPtKZTmThYXv4k_vB8i9esZksebEQH8GYeJNRRhX2zjk9K5DF761oTnur3-gVfK3euMMNTNVlFqdXeHrI4HV_8_1jg6yH-dvPMuv9xmO4zHAKGrkKUGbHCYQtssE/s640/Minneapolis_Old_Stone_Arch_Bridge_Curve.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: small;">The Stone Arch Bridge over the Mississippi River below St. Anthony Falls in Minneapolis, Minnesota, has beautiful curves.<br />Source: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Arch_Bridge_(Minneapolis)#/media/File:Minneapolis_Old_Stone_Arch_Bridge_Curve.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></i></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Mississippi</h2>
The <a href="https://bridgehunter.com/ms/warren/halls-ferry/">Halls Ferry Arch Bridge</a> spanning Halls Ferry Road at Confederate Avenue in Vicksburg, Mississippi is the only extant bridge of its type in Mississippi. Built between 1936 and 1937 by Coggin and Deermont of Chipley, Florida, the bridge is a reinforced concrete closed-spandrel arch bridge faced with red brick. Its total length is about 50 feet, with a deck width of about 26 feet. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiQLMpG1ur9v7KBeJB7VZE2a5rwb6nFYsjvhyphenhyphenbrMCZ-GmuEXhXl3oNcktHrXNlpSUGmE5pLce-AokYxeBLgcMqtNe4PnjbAH1lC5T0AmQRb_C__W7e15sDvP2vgZzoV9DeaJOpZ1kttv4/s1600/vicksburg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="510" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiQLMpG1ur9v7KBeJB7VZE2a5rwb6nFYsjvhyphenhyphenbrMCZ-GmuEXhXl3oNcktHrXNlpSUGmE5pLce-AokYxeBLgcMqtNe4PnjbAH1lC5T0AmQRb_C__W7e15sDvP2vgZzoV9DeaJOpZ1kttv4/s640/vicksburg.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: small;">The Halls Ferry Bridge spanning Halls Ferry Road at Confederate Avenue in Vicksburg, Warren County, Mississippi is a beautiful brick arch bridge.<br />Source: <a href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ms0324.color.314387c/">Library of Congress</a></span></i></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Missouri</h2>
Between Kansas City and Independence, the <a href="https://bridgehunter.com/mo/jackson/blue-ridge/">Blue Ridge Bridge </a>in Jackson County, Missouri arches gracefully over MO 12 on Blue Ridge Boulevard. The arch, built of rubble stone in 1906 by the Forrester-Swenson Construction Co., spans about 69 feet and the bridge length totals about 86 feet.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_JqE07TQc1WhtXl7dUcUM0X9qjCguTtEkqgoP2NytR7vuAr9RSnPJvYCKnyxb4-eLOPtHj0MIiyfHrWuUMo1J7_7kl54TqcL4PjJ-1aqnyX2YgmRoPfw52QnWjl1hyQ_vYCHLRj_0Gtk/s1600/blueridgemo.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_JqE07TQc1WhtXl7dUcUM0X9qjCguTtEkqgoP2NytR7vuAr9RSnPJvYCKnyxb4-eLOPtHj0MIiyfHrWuUMo1J7_7kl54TqcL4PjJ-1aqnyX2YgmRoPfw52QnWjl1hyQ_vYCHLRj_0Gtk/s640/blueridgemo.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The rubble stone Blue Ridge Bridge in Kansas City, Missouri was <a href="http://www.jacksongov.org/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=63">rededicated in 2014</a> after Jackson County made improvements and reinforcements, declaring the bridge, "Good to go for another 50 years."<br />Source: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@39.0922739,-94.4768327,0a,99.4y,294.13h,91.94t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1s-jtCMS-_5KCXc1T9PZrdQg!2e0?source=apiv3">Google Maps</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Montana</h2>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://www.nps.gov/media/video/view.htm?id=534843A0-155D-451F-67F46B23C059C61C">The Triple Arches</a>, a three-span masonry arch half-bridge about two miles west of Logan Pass on the Going-to-the-Sun Road in Glacier National Park, was built between 1926 and 1928. The Triple Arches are truly an engineering marvel--a solution to the problem of building a solid retaining wall that would be over twenty feet in depth. <a href="http://cdn.loc.gov/master/pnp/habshaer/mt/mt0200/mt0254/data/mt0254data.pdf">The arched half-bridge rests on the solid rock cliffs</a> and ledges of Pollock Mountain, which eliminated the need for massive excavation. The Going-to-the-Sun Road is one of the few roads in the country designated as a national landmark and is definitely a Must-See!</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsIUYOvmX41QDkIARpNXrD7Zdl5RFClp7h1DSz-QYCLpg1Qz0WLL58p_vxVYW1rFz3b9kyDSnLqvFl1hNskR8YADVb_wNjN_6FXvFrTnslRTLp2hv6FsmORQPVCBnIJjvvITu1ntQ9rrM/s1600/Triple_Arches%252C_5-20-2014_%252814222617246%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsIUYOvmX41QDkIARpNXrD7Zdl5RFClp7h1DSz-QYCLpg1Qz0WLL58p_vxVYW1rFz3b9kyDSnLqvFl1hNskR8YADVb_wNjN_6FXvFrTnslRTLp2hv6FsmORQPVCBnIJjvvITu1ntQ9rrM/s640/Triple_Arches%252C_5-20-2014_%252814222617246%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Going-To-The-Sun Road Triple Arch Bridge in Flathead County, Montana</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Triple_Arches,_5-20-2014_(14222617246).jpg">GlacierNPS on Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Nebraska</h2>
Built in 1916 by the Keim Cement Company three miles east and one mile north of Tecumseh, Nebraska, the <a href="https://heritagehighway136.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Keim-Stone-Arch-Bridge-Brochure.pdf">Keim Stone Arch Bridge</a> remains almost completely unchanged and continues to carry traffic today. The limestone bridge's total length is 29 feet and its arch spans 28 feet and it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHQ34gCy6QiqJmDHGRirQwsb6wGqoD8BGeIdf4QHc8wc4ahuWVe3d2nOR0NuQhKpYfbsp9ssYXhKoFn2hjI8Jc49BZLhNm-QGxTOW7fMMDcNlPoX0VK-vMgZAoT08cZRe5TBs1qBAjeQc/s1600/1024px-Keim_Stone_Arch_Bridge_from_NW.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHQ34gCy6QiqJmDHGRirQwsb6wGqoD8BGeIdf4QHc8wc4ahuWVe3d2nOR0NuQhKpYfbsp9ssYXhKoFn2hjI8Jc49BZLhNm-QGxTOW7fMMDcNlPoX0VK-vMgZAoT08cZRe5TBs1qBAjeQc/s640/1024px-Keim_Stone_Arch_Bridge_from_NW.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The Keim Stone Arch Bridge is located on 624 Ave. just south of 729 Rd. in Johnson County, Nebraska.<br />Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Keim_Stone_Arch_Bridge_from_NW.JPG">Ammodramus on Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Nevada</h2>
There may be a stone bridge or two in Nevada, but my search yielded not a one. However, the wonderful <a href="http://nevadamagazine.com/home/extras/ward-charcoal-ovens/">Ward Charcoal Ovens</a> in the <a href="http://parks.nv.gov/parks/ward-charcoal-ovens">Ward Charcoal Ovens State Historic Park </a>in the Egan Mountain Range in eastern Nevada are a prime example of fine masonry work with their arched doors and beehive-shaped double curves. They were built shortly after silver was discovered in the area in 1872 by the Martin and White Company of San Francisco. Made of tertiary volcanic and quartz latite tuff chipped out of nearby mountains by hand, the ovens are 30 feet high and 27 feet in diameter with a wall thickness of 20 inches.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE-aRuAGLm5FqnqWkTT9-sVZ1c6WFT4H3JcAxmplwALxLZvmQ80PpUiKmFzC03A_BepzvpuFx0u1T96WscMMJ6cKpa3t4r5-omUDqOQzkIbr5JvV9vz2jWAOAExC2XWtUq6FtYBW3doVk/s1600/2014-08-11_16_11_24_Ovens_in_Ward_Charcoal_Ovens_State_Historic_Park.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE-aRuAGLm5FqnqWkTT9-sVZ1c6WFT4H3JcAxmplwALxLZvmQ80PpUiKmFzC03A_BepzvpuFx0u1T96WscMMJ6cKpa3t4r5-omUDqOQzkIbr5JvV9vz2jWAOAExC2XWtUq6FtYBW3doVk/s640/2014-08-11_16_11_24_Ovens_in_Ward_Charcoal_Ovens_State_Historic_Park.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Visit the Ward Charcoal Ovens in Ely, Nevada's <a href="http://parks.nv.gov/parks/ward-charcoal-ovens">Ward Charcoal Ovens State Historic Park</a>.<br />Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2014-08-11_16_11_24_Ovens_in_Ward_Charcoal_Ovens_State_Historic_Park.JPG">Famartin on Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
New Hampshire</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Hillsborough, New Hampshire boasts a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in the form of <a href="http://www.asce.org/project/five-stone-arch-bridges/">five stone arch masonry bridges</a>. According to <a href="http://www.asce.org/project/five-stone-arch-bridges/">ASCE.org</a>:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
These five bridges, Carr Bridge (mid 1800's), Gleason Falls Bridges (circa 1830), Gleason Falls Road over Beard's Brook (mid 1800's), Second New Hampshire Turnpike Bridge (circa 1864), and Sawyer Bridge (circa 1866), constitute the largest extant cluster of dry-laid stone arch bridges within the United States. They were built by trained masonry craftsmen and continue to demonstrate the durability of such construction.</blockquote>
The granite stones were carefully cut and fitted so the bridges could be built without mortar. These dry-laid stone arch bridges show five different methods of construction listed on the ASCE website. They are: "Spandrel walls of cut stone; Spandrel walls of field stone; Granite posts for rails (including keystones doubling as posts); Single arch and double arch structures; Various span to rise proportions."<br />
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At any rate, these bridges are definitely on my bucket list of bridges to see!<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdO2d8s8AQMM8qMefH393s3pGzi4rvLMldIBTQgGgYxQK-dB3vQ41Q7rQC01lnwX5iMb0P3b69-KOaLdkjmjFkAP4GB8x8KMgnJvepQG_XbiXi0CSXWu2xxpUsSPPm6zbXOHMnx8vbSe0/s1600/carr.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdO2d8s8AQMM8qMefH393s3pGzi4rvLMldIBTQgGgYxQK-dB3vQ41Q7rQC01lnwX5iMb0P3b69-KOaLdkjmjFkAP4GB8x8KMgnJvepQG_XbiXi0CSXWu2xxpUsSPPm6zbXOHMnx8vbSe0/s640/carr.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Carr Bridge</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="http://hennikerhouse.blogspot.com/2014/10/hillsboroughs-stone-arch-bridges.html">Henniker House Bed and Breakfast</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEyQ_qwGoc0fE76u3ROPJAfPJn3OHqbQGTDED1BYJ3uzoRN5W5y7abwRfZeS_HR5LASEDW3fhvx-1v3oJV3_51aJ-u-stTFzNW8Ntecn-ViE7ThugR2M0_KLFN7NMO8eU9n6mw9RNHUms/s1600/GleasonBridges.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEyQ_qwGoc0fE76u3ROPJAfPJn3OHqbQGTDED1BYJ3uzoRN5W5y7abwRfZeS_HR5LASEDW3fhvx-1v3oJV3_51aJ-u-stTFzNW8Ntecn-ViE7ThugR2M0_KLFN7NMO8eU9n6mw9RNHUms/s640/GleasonBridges.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Gleason Falls Road over Beard's Brook</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="http://hennikerhouse.blogspot.com/2014/10/hillsboroughs-stone-arch-bridges.html">Henniker House Bed and Breakfast</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJHwrEjjg9Fgb8XBc7TihhdRQXCxZH9wXtHiBvNCWE-GBrCikYxni6pMdF1zMoMpLhItoo5ash4ll8B0AoZOlOuthswULscQNGivrl4BVFsj0IWhB4tyFqS-pGLCD3isVKhffNFJrnvPI/s1600/GleasonFalls.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJHwrEjjg9Fgb8XBc7TihhdRQXCxZH9wXtHiBvNCWE-GBrCikYxni6pMdF1zMoMpLhItoo5ash4ll8B0AoZOlOuthswULscQNGivrl4BVFsj0IWhB4tyFqS-pGLCD3isVKhffNFJrnvPI/s640/GleasonFalls.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Gleason Falls Bridge over Beard's Brook</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="http://hennikerhouse.blogspot.com/2014/10/hillsboroughs-stone-arch-bridges.html">Henniker House Bed and Breakfast</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWFoKQvP3YoQdB6zDn2aBWv7L9Qy63zL02E81avReZPr3krJ_VRx4KnVXgUeMa02OBmwvOkdwlWtJTJDz_7aIWitOVbjA0fEXJrzq3clalpWcbrYbD3pv0iNK4SHT669KDskuHUB7AjZw/s1600/Sawyer2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWFoKQvP3YoQdB6zDn2aBWv7L9Qy63zL02E81avReZPr3krJ_VRx4KnVXgUeMa02OBmwvOkdwlWtJTJDz_7aIWitOVbjA0fEXJrzq3clalpWcbrYbD3pv0iNK4SHT669KDskuHUB7AjZw/s640/Sawyer2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Sawyer Bridge</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="http://lifeonabridged.blogspot.com/2012/05/sawyer-bridge-aka-bridge-to-nowhere.html">Life, On A Bridged</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3hCW8yan9b73YZ1qLp1hhQ-mbduNglAuR4vt-ufciJV2tSeD7CvY4v0FpLewMgs3JUTLYzzv0e08oqGoHrHoBHQplFHh6ovntHVOH6AKSHhZ2ZHOFgz4h2VN5VSJ8rzD3unFVdSgwamU/s1600/2ndnhturnpike.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3hCW8yan9b73YZ1qLp1hhQ-mbduNglAuR4vt-ufciJV2tSeD7CvY4v0FpLewMgs3JUTLYzzv0e08oqGoHrHoBHQplFHh6ovntHVOH6AKSHhZ2ZHOFgz4h2VN5VSJ8rzD3unFVdSgwamU/s640/2ndnhturnpike.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Second New Hampshire Turnpike Bridge</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="http://www.sparkpeople.com/mypage_public_journal_individual.asp?blog_id=5467045">NellieH1</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
New Jersey</h2>
This lovely stone arch bridge, the <a href="https://bridgehunter.com/nj/warren/2101311/">Brugler Road Bridge</a>, was built in 1860 in Warren County, New Jersey. Its total length is 145 feet and the length of the largest span is 21 ft. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is still open to traffic today.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNX_HsRWZCj_ufQdtBs8mokT8z1zlj_ETroexZDopkwx9RbJ8cN9HWlVJ1mCPUSc3ShvMHceLArt9X9WRYPMLLh9KtuyQSXeMAW0CxsbrPUStGt_fODqyMfK3RCVdRKSyXpU8wRO_fdug/s1600/1024px-Brugler_Road_Bridge_in_Knowlton.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNX_HsRWZCj_ufQdtBs8mokT8z1zlj_ETroexZDopkwx9RbJ8cN9HWlVJ1mCPUSc3ShvMHceLArt9X9WRYPMLLh9KtuyQSXeMAW0CxsbrPUStGt_fODqyMfK3RCVdRKSyXpU8wRO_fdug/s640/1024px-Brugler_Road_Bridge_in_Knowlton.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The Brugler Road Bridge crosses the bucolic Paulins Kill in Knowlton, New Jersey.<br />Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brugler_Road_Bridge_in_Knowlton.jpg">WallyFromColumbia on Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
New Mexico</h2>
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Some gorgeous masonry arches can be found in Las Vegas, New Mexico. Built in 1898, the <a href="https://www.abqjournal.com/385849/new-owner-shows-off-historic-las-vegas-nm-hotel.html">Castaneda Hotel</a> sits along Amtrak's Southwest Chief line. One of New Mexico's <a href="http://www.harveyhouses.net/states/newmexico/nmhouses.html">Harvey </a><a class="" href="http://www.harveyhouses.net/states/newmexico/nmhouses.html">Houses</a>, the Mission Revival style hotel was originally about 50,000 square feet and boasted many graceful masonry arches. The hotel closed in 1948 and has been rumored to be haunted.</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqs0Hk-qfXILTv6jD4fmaCIKwgHl2Iui3dEXOyAScPTol-K9b7gIjQXq9aWIDZ4vLXkRGm9yJ7Z_9rxNmLmrUBEZ9tV8bwSebSVp-nuw9ExafF94hj7tErpgl0_QhbEJor0bGVyYpFpE8/s1600/9380103254_bbbb19377a_k.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqs0Hk-qfXILTv6jD4fmaCIKwgHl2Iui3dEXOyAScPTol-K9b7gIjQXq9aWIDZ4vLXkRGm9yJ7Z_9rxNmLmrUBEZ9tV8bwSebSVp-nuw9ExafF94hj7tErpgl0_QhbEJor0bGVyYpFpE8/s640/9380103254_bbbb19377a_k.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The ruins of the Casenada Hotel in Las Vegas, New Mexico<br />Source: <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/aidaneus/9380103254/in/photolist-fhTtUb-aBKihD-dzAgVK-tsy3e-8LPNLh-ownkfq-ZGVyZ-9hF1Rf-cUmCqh-cTd39q-D836sv-dMDRkh-9hF3wy-cUmFAU-cUmy63-5QNDyx-5VG4fj-7Dxenc-a4JNN5-fhCVRF-sZvzj-57ag4S-ki8aus-e7eDDV-dzFEiA-oYF1Li-cTdmeU-9vHX4a-3TGHnM-e7eKun-5QMYYr-crisuf-4Df3H3-fG8AxA-dzAdwv-cUmE8N-2dguKL-ocNYVi-7zHkJY-cPtQCE-eiqrQQ-cfJqYE-cUmF1u-oA9iY-pvhng1-k4NgAw-cTdft5-ZMmKA-5QN1kX-nk64J">Aidan Wakely-Mulroney on flickr</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
New York</h2>
<div>
I immediately thought of the gorgeous stone bridges in Central Park, when I was planning this blog post, but after a little research I realized many people have documented these bridges and there are some really great sites you can visit to guide you through the park. I really love <a href="https://bridgehunter.com/category/tour/central-park/">Bridgehunter.com. </a>They have a great collection of photos and information about the Central Park bridges. </div>
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<div>
The bridge I decided to feature is also fairly well-known/notorious. The triple-arch <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Arch_Bridge_(Kenoza_Lake,_New_York)">Stone Arch Bridge at Kenoza Lake</a> near Jeffersonville, Sullivan County, New York was built in 1873 of hand cut stone and spans East Branch Callicoon Creek. </div>
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<div>
According to the <a href="http://www.scnyhistory.org/index.php/history/delaware/50-history/cochecton/458-the-stone-arch-bridge">Sullivan County Historical Society</a>, the Stone Arch Bridge was built by Philip Henry Hembdt, a Swiss-German settler who brought his skill in stone masonry with him from the old country. People claim this bridge is haunted by the ghost of a man who was murdered on the bridge. The historical society tells the story: "In 1882 one of the few Hex murders on record in the Upper Delaware Valley was committed on the Stone Arch Bridge. The victim, accused of bewitching cattle, was shot, clubbed and thrown into the flood swollen creek waters."</div>
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So, perhaps a Halloween visit to this bridge might be in order.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinz05aMCUEI42AdVWEdhk-h8ghs3yuyYkM_qZmLpLOisUOVjvWj4fik6B-k0iw2WKrsJNHfHDniaYziXcqVjf1xnlDpGUTJNpw3hemQlvoTGkjBdN6msf-d0FMj0WX_kzlW2WqdsMjuPc/s1600/Stone_Arch_Bridge%252C_Kenoza_Lake_NY.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinz05aMCUEI42AdVWEdhk-h8ghs3yuyYkM_qZmLpLOisUOVjvWj4fik6B-k0iw2WKrsJNHfHDniaYziXcqVjf1xnlDpGUTJNpw3hemQlvoTGkjBdN6msf-d0FMj0WX_kzlW2WqdsMjuPc/s640/Stone_Arch_Bridge%252C_Kenoza_Lake_NY.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>This graceful triple-arch Stone Arch Bridge at Kenoza Lake in New York State is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is well-known for its beauty and ghost stories.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stone_Arch_Bridge,_Kenoza_Lake_NY.JPG">Vonsky87 on Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
North Carolina</h2>
The <a href="http://www.hpo.ncdcr.gov/nr/BK0050.pdf">Hunting Creek Stone Railroad Bridge</a> in Morganton, North Carolina was built around 1860 and is a rare example of antebellum, stone bridge construction in the state. The bridge is no longer in use but remains virtually unchanged except for the removal of the railroad track. The two-span arched bridge is likely the work of William Murdoch who built it of coursed, rough-faced ashlar.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMVd7HrZb0rZ9oLjhYjjruqPR9-1g6oDVGf4hW0TT0AJUDkoHHCOADSlytepLyizxTJJnjdBf2YpYH3vIVOtxQn1tqeehDmQKW9Ayu5YlR3Oequ_BwLdiQn5x3T9ILdYqg8lElzY4Lx_k/s1600/Hunting-Creek-Bridge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMVd7HrZb0rZ9oLjhYjjruqPR9-1g6oDVGf4hW0TT0AJUDkoHHCOADSlytepLyizxTJJnjdBf2YpYH3vIVOtxQn1tqeehDmQKW9Ayu5YlR3Oequ_BwLdiQn5x3T9ILdYqg8lElzY4Lx_k/s640/Hunting-Creek-Bridge.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The Hunting Creek Stone Railroad Bridge is located across Hunting Creek just north of Highway 64-70 and is almost directly underneath the present 1910 metal railroad bridge.<br />Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hunting-Creek-Bridge.jpg">Tonyleeglenn on Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
North Dakota</h2>
Not a bridge, but it has a fantastic stone arch and is a modern day stone marvel--the <a href="http://www.parshallnd.com/museum_4.html">Paul Broste Rock Museum</a> was built with natural granite quarried from the beautiful Great Plains of North Dakota. Paul Broste was a local farmer, artist and rock collector. He dreamed of housing his polished rock collection in a unique museum and he made his dreams come true with the help of many volunteers who built this "Acropolis on a hill" which opened for business in 1966.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLki_FmQ_Lq988mHWY1SC31wrFaN66T6UMA1Ab-HqkHtEVGsy1JYi6hIVOCyy72Y-uurZ3XfZgyu4fWMrt363l3Vky3r0anknYYe-B_S_7OIeOAPDN_7IKi4KJaqzlXQng_D6oOUzan0c/s1600/BrosteMuseum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLki_FmQ_Lq988mHWY1SC31wrFaN66T6UMA1Ab-HqkHtEVGsy1JYi6hIVOCyy72Y-uurZ3XfZgyu4fWMrt363l3Vky3r0anknYYe-B_S_7OIeOAPDN_7IKi4KJaqzlXQng_D6oOUzan0c/s640/BrosteMuseum.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The world famous Paul Broste Rock Museum is in Parshall, North Dakota.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BrosteMuseum.jpg">Rzacher on Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Ohio</h2>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Come to see the Devil's Bathtub and stay for the heavenly stone bridge. Located in Ohio's Hocking Hills State Park, the <a href="http://www.onlyinyourstate.com/ohio/devils-bathtub-oh/">Devil's Bathtub Bridge</a> lies between the Upper Falls and the A-Frame Bridge along the Old Man's Cave area hiking trails.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmvVJ1w21VO0Z-wmcog0iaOac_wIRhxh_pktL1AnfqYjGmsUWP97wJ5_9YFJPGnOiUwPNGpVggLz1ovhS6Jt1D9Bw5SflGUMxbkbZrMDfNOcX1enoXTjVfFkbM8PHW-EIZIVaqz5fbD14/s1600/Devil%2527s_Bathtub_IV.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmvVJ1w21VO0Z-wmcog0iaOac_wIRhxh_pktL1AnfqYjGmsUWP97wJ5_9YFJPGnOiUwPNGpVggLz1ovhS6Jt1D9Bw5SflGUMxbkbZrMDfNOcX1enoXTjVfFkbM8PHW-EIZIVaqz5fbD14/s640/Devil%2527s_Bathtub_IV.JPG" width="478" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Captivating whirlpools form during heavy rainfall in the Devil's Bathtub, a bowl-shaped basin under the stone bridge.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Devil%27s_Bathtub_IV.JPG">Yprahs on Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHgzBscuoDrGFEccvCr_JbL-XODgkb5dStNDAgM0pi2QtdhtO3PlQINcWX6svhos4F7OeHsVECpBPMSxx9-35rGEBGXsQqRcEO42fdqbPlBUb7dR2zA7zRML0R7AgXi0XbkPCtRueJ-RM/s1600/devil%2527s+bathtub.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHgzBscuoDrGFEccvCr_JbL-XODgkb5dStNDAgM0pi2QtdhtO3PlQINcWX6svhos4F7OeHsVECpBPMSxx9-35rGEBGXsQqRcEO42fdqbPlBUb7dR2zA7zRML0R7AgXi0XbkPCtRueJ-RM/s640/devil%2527s+bathtub.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Below the Devil's Bathtub in Ohio's Hocking Hills State Park is nice view of the stone arch bridge.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="http://www.waymarking.com/gallery/image.aspx?f=1&guid=46b8082f-737c-4372-b008-08f315b15c29">Waymarking</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h4 style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</h4>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Oklahoma</h2>
Built in 1909 and dedicated the same year on February 12, the centennial of Abraham Lincoln's birth, this stone arch bridge was christened, "<a href="https://www.nps.gov/chic/learn/historyculture/lincoln-bridge.htm">The Lincoln Bridge</a>." The bridge connects the Flower Park area and the city of Sulphur, Oklahoma to the mineral springs south of Travertine Creek.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif9eLLM3euApHEzN4cNsepFfsdDq8zfhRHD3YaTesEtVwVKDedAscrz9cdFpCtFXrYfjXHDxC4vW8KTbdB8nPyf18A_nGXKU0Mu8LRyUJKAy77-mKwYoSykrQdypncPaOBbtmH8Ymgju4/s1600/5211650723_f4509607f1_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif9eLLM3euApHEzN4cNsepFfsdDq8zfhRHD3YaTesEtVwVKDedAscrz9cdFpCtFXrYfjXHDxC4vW8KTbdB8nPyf18A_nGXKU0Mu8LRyUJKAy77-mKwYoSykrQdypncPaOBbtmH8Ymgju4/s640/5211650723_f4509607f1_b.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The stone-arch Lincoln Bridge is the first and oldest developed structure built in the Platt Historic District in Sulphur Oklahoma.<br />Source: <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/gmeador/5211650723/">Granger Meador on flickr</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Oregon</h2>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;">
Stone arch bridges are rare in Oregon. This stone arch overlook is part of the <a href="https://livingnewdeal.org/projects/johnson-creek-fish-ladder-overlook-portland/">Johnson Creek Fish Ladder and Overlook</a> in Portland, Oregan. The facility was built by the Works Progress Administration to address Johnson Creek's annual flooding problems and to provide spawning opportunities for migrating fish. <a href="http://www.oregon.gov/oprd/HCD/OHC/docs/multnomah_portland_worksprogressadmin_historiccontext.pdf">The channel</a> is lined with hand-cut basalt stone on both sides of the creek with steep rock walls averaging 6 to 8 feet high. The arched overlook was built with locally quarried basalt stone.</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-wAP2Vqelx1gGd13haaQ24TrNlXUOOpIQZ1na17n7IxfeLKpoTiSwvzaW10K-s1_ijfeBity9L_Nd1nHEgSCWOEdLl30f4XUcajJxn5fA_UsgBl-ggAgmgelfiqlPS6P5IdOod2PQsrU/s1600/JohnsonCreekFishLadderOverlook.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-wAP2Vqelx1gGd13haaQ24TrNlXUOOpIQZ1na17n7IxfeLKpoTiSwvzaW10K-s1_ijfeBity9L_Nd1nHEgSCWOEdLl30f4XUcajJxn5fA_UsgBl-ggAgmgelfiqlPS6P5IdOod2PQsrU/s640/JohnsonCreekFishLadderOverlook.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The Johnson Creek Fish Ladder and Stone Arch Overlook were built of local basalt stone during the 1930s by the New Deal's WPA.<br />Source: Judith Kenny on <a href="https://livingnewdeal.org/projects/johnson-creek-fish-ladder-overlook-portland/">The Living New Deal</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Pennsylvania </h2>
The <a href="http://davecathell.tripod.com/rock.html">Rockville Arch Bridge</a> which crosses the Susquehanna River just north of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, was completed in 1902 and is the world's longest stone masonry arch railroad bridge. Its 3,820-foot length has 48 spans, each 70 feet long.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgzwKQP3hvkxR8htDvI5dXuFvAVDQSBj92rV53rX6ptBn6kMVDBmufWo2KCM_exPWy5F_fz1DWqvhZmve9AsM4LiIR9engNtn3yuvUuG0Y-UpCIM15-QjMklLp0DH5dA5s2S__l0682C4/s1600/800px-Rockville_Bridge_02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgzwKQP3hvkxR8htDvI5dXuFvAVDQSBj92rV53rX6ptBn6kMVDBmufWo2KCM_exPWy5F_fz1DWqvhZmve9AsM4LiIR9engNtn3yuvUuG0Y-UpCIM15-QjMklLp0DH5dA5s2S__l0682C4/s640/800px-Rockville_Bridge_02.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i style="font-size: 12.8px;">Located north of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, t</i><i>he Rockville Arch Bridge is the world's longest stone arch bridge.<br />Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rockville_Bridge_02.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Rhode Island</h2>
In Pawtucket, Rhode Island, spanning the Seekonk River along Divison Street stands the picture-perfect <a href="http://www.touristtravelblog.com/usa/rhode-island/division-street-bridge.html">Division Street Bridge</a>. Built in 1877, the bridge is about 450 feet long with nine spans made of stone and brick. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_Street_Bridge_(Rhode_Island)">The Division Street Bridge</a> is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzZsVF8kmGleY1TZ8lJ89vwXUW1vMC0BcF2cVXnopuxStQST7woDN6EbBOSiilYoZZKycnzZd9YvL3VScJra1K5_hLwbi_cTvh1N5djGQsKmMLrWnKxJDmRDPeCciv1cTAuj_YMEm4l_o/s1600/Division_Street_Bridge_Pawtucket.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzZsVF8kmGleY1TZ8lJ89vwXUW1vMC0BcF2cVXnopuxStQST7woDN6EbBOSiilYoZZKycnzZd9YvL3VScJra1K5_hLwbi_cTvh1N5djGQsKmMLrWnKxJDmRDPeCciv1cTAuj_YMEm4l_o/s640/Division_Street_Bridge_Pawtucket.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The Division Street Bridge is said to be the "finest and longest" stone-arch bridge in Rhode Island. It is now in need of repairs but is considered to be architecturally and historically significant.<br />Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Division_Street_Bridge_Pawtucket.jpg">Marc N. Belanger on Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
South Carolina </h2>
This picturesque Gothic stone arch bridge over Little Gap Creek in South Carolina was built with wedge shaped rocks and erected without concrete. The 14-foot Gothic arch makes it a rare example of a masonry bridge in the USA. <a href="http://travelersresthere.com/2015/11/02/the-real-story-of-south-carolinas-oldest-most-memorable-bridge/">The Poinsett Bridge </a>was originally part of the State Road from Charleston through Columbia, South Carolina to North Carolina and was named for Joel Roberts Poinsett. The bridge is now part of the 120-acre Poinsett Bridge Heritage Preserve and is near a nature trail. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB2ZRk6-BHDXwEXd4YBdkURs75bmBiUbQPY_l35S_XA1nb4-I9-WbJW_b55IyIe9Iilxxr-1XTz0T5BJjDWkp9g9GD9LOboBU7oazug7YJBq9OuNpapgJCJI67Xy70LY1hQatcuwQS3xM/s1600/800px-Poinsett_Bridge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB2ZRk6-BHDXwEXd4YBdkURs75bmBiUbQPY_l35S_XA1nb4-I9-WbJW_b55IyIe9Iilxxr-1XTz0T5BJjDWkp9g9GD9LOboBU7oazug7YJBq9OuNpapgJCJI67Xy70LY1hQatcuwQS3xM/s640/800px-Poinsett_Bridge.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Poinsett Bridge, built in 1820, is believed to be the oldest surviving bridge in South Carolina.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Poinsett_Bridge.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
South Dakota</h2>
<a href="https://bridgehunter.com/sd/minnehaha/50315085/">The Park Road Bridge</a>, a stone arch pedestrian bridge near Devil's Gulch in Garretson, South Dakota was built in 1935 by the Works Progress Administration. Its total length is 55.1 ft and it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNhJGR164MWF328RqMTfHZxt-BqALLsOp5h2oOfJiSkucy2z3yhaL-3p_Dxf8AbkAh6ZNd9p445jfkNy68EfWbejGB1UD7a1TVMr5WF8xfEMhhsoX75AY7KmJCF-DbnXUCJRP25D4X1fE/s1600/Devils_Gulch_Bridge_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNhJGR164MWF328RqMTfHZxt-BqALLsOp5h2oOfJiSkucy2z3yhaL-3p_Dxf8AbkAh6ZNd9p445jfkNy68EfWbejGB1UD7a1TVMr5WF8xfEMhhsoX75AY7KmJCF-DbnXUCJRP25D4X1fE/s640/Devils_Gulch_Bridge_1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The Park Road Pedestrian Bridge spans Split Rock Creek near Devil's Gulch in Garretson, Minnehaha County, South Dakota.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Devils_Gulch_Bridge_1.jpg">AlexiusHoratius on Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Tennessee</h2>
The seven-span stone <a href="https://bridgehunter.com/tn/cumberland/18011660001/">Cumberland Mountain State Park Arch Bridge</a> over the dam on Byrd Creek is also known as the Byrd Creek Bridge. Built in 1936, its longest span is 19 feet with a total length of 317.8 feet. It was posted to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. If you decide to visit this beautiful bridge, it is also interesting to note that the Byrd Creek Dam is the largest masonry structure the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) ever built.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiULjsdeVtvo7qCb4aX8T53y5VHAHNZlaszjgkVmh8WDGC95xXWsr-oOrhtnvxNejKMxt0dKdZeLfvfhDtUPU8TNNxCqYtoeJDyVGMYsB0wjQKwHzX4xvAWj9-OSIxvQEGkzL5fIc33YI/s1600/10568122304_285689e9da_k.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiULjsdeVtvo7qCb4aX8T53y5VHAHNZlaszjgkVmh8WDGC95xXWsr-oOrhtnvxNejKMxt0dKdZeLfvfhDtUPU8TNNxCqYtoeJDyVGMYsB0wjQKwHzX4xvAWj9-OSIxvQEGkzL5fIc33YI/s640/10568122304_285689e9da_k.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The Cumberland Mountain State Park Stone Arch Bridge is located in Cumberland Mountain State Park near Crossville, Tennessee.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/brent_nashville/10568122304/in/photostream/">Brent Moore on flickr</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Texas </h2>
Built in 1942 as a WPA project, the <a href="http://www.texasescapes.com/TexasBridges/Possum-Kingdom-Masonry-Arch-Bridge.htm">Possum Kingdom Masonry Arch Bridge</a> spanning the Brazos River on State Route 16 has eighteen spans of cut limestone. The bridge is 43 feet long and is the longest masonry arch bridge in Texas. It sits one mile downstream from the Morris Sheppard Dam, roughly eleven miles west of Graford, Texas. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkEUdD2T4SUvsLuZrQ78QwqmN4GCtBL7MYV__2NeRHGW6OE1DnOxOFzVC3pwTDL-lJmNL8vkAbx7iDLPJgCo9XNOxvbTaNUoc8zz-ooGWZaXw-_eCPwY1QQU6zQP9OLi7mK7SjXDfzrm4/s1600/7738362392_08014bf3dd_k.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkEUdD2T4SUvsLuZrQ78QwqmN4GCtBL7MYV__2NeRHGW6OE1DnOxOFzVC3pwTDL-lJmNL8vkAbx7iDLPJgCo9XNOxvbTaNUoc8zz-ooGWZaXw-_eCPwY1QQU6zQP9OLi7mK7SjXDfzrm4/s640/7738362392_08014bf3dd_k.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The Possum Kingdom Bridge is the longest masonry arch bridge in Texas.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/texasbackroads/7738362392">Nicolas Henderson on flickr</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Utah</h2>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://www.bridgemapper.com/bridge_detail.php?ID=1040">The Pine Creek Bridge</a> complements its natural surroundings with its native sandstone and ashlar masonry. It was constructed by the National Park Service and Bureau of Public Roads in 1927-1930 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Located on the Zion-Mount Carmel Highway, this bridge is unaltered and still maintains its structural integrity.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggz6hX4YtgSs36x_YsjQzhWEpybNZ5VjC-rQ52MBXmXFiGrhIx6zaJ7UZA7LIAS_ulTTltSzx36s7G98aMGX8vWCsjvXYPB_GR1_-aoxYdb0GlkNeLEaavuFh_cPe5eqWgdxKiFUDMkOE/s1600/Old+para+bridge.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggz6hX4YtgSs36x_YsjQzhWEpybNZ5VjC-rQ52MBXmXFiGrhIx6zaJ7UZA7LIAS_ulTTltSzx36s7G98aMGX8vWCsjvXYPB_GR1_-aoxYdb0GlkNeLEaavuFh_cPe5eqWgdxKiFUDMkOE/s640/Old+para+bridge.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The Pine Creek Stone Arch Bridge in Zion National Park, Utah blends beautifully with the sandstone surroundings.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="http://num1weaver.blogspot.com/2014_07_01_archive.html">Deanna's Weaving</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Vermont</h2>
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The <a href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/pdfhost/docs/NRHP/Text/77000105.pdf">Simpsonville Stone Arch Bridge</a> over Simpson Brook was built in about 1909 by James Otis Follet, a local farmer, mason, and intuitive engineer and is one of the few surviving Follett bridges in the region. The single span rises 6 feet above the brook and the arch extends 20 feet at its base. The stone arch is built of large rectangular blocks of granite, roughly pitched and mortared into regular courses.</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb2yGoptoWsVjx0_QyRkivn5WKzc2_ITGLD1CConoVLVOZsVRANVvOwPaZW_yR60bRrMuCm5bQwse5VJqOKTzCuVsfupJtp_IPjZ3AdOKDRcG3VuNtx-STqAo8wTilvOFP8vCr3kIeRWo/s1600/TownshendVT_SimpsonvilleStoneArchBridgeDownstreamSide.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb2yGoptoWsVjx0_QyRkivn5WKzc2_ITGLD1CConoVLVOZsVRANVvOwPaZW_yR60bRrMuCm5bQwse5VJqOKTzCuVsfupJtp_IPjZ3AdOKDRcG3VuNtx-STqAo8wTilvOFP8vCr3kIeRWo/s640/TownshendVT_SimpsonvilleStoneArchBridgeDownstreamSide.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpsonville_Stone_Arch_Bridge">Simpsonville Stone Arch Bridge</a> carries Vermont Route 35 across Simpson Brook, north of Townshend, Vermont.<br />Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TownshendVT_SimpsonvilleStoneArchBridgeDownstreamSide.jpg">Magicpiano on Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Virginia</h2>
Built in 1874 by the Valley Railroad, the historic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Railroad_Stone_Bridge">Valley Railroad Stone Bridge</a> has fourteen arched spans totaling 130 feet in length. The bridge is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is built of granite and faced in ashlar.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguD4YYAc3Q_DLeMOFjA2WQSftrjfnIR07C4ZlYAbE4RiGpjfeAIkaDWhPKN0zosXtJsabwNh_vIGcYDJ85UZYhcdWW5to3Sr25-XlsAJjeqwCWhMjAFMygmBobgKrHxK7HYhuDwEfzPfE/s1600/5658313396_3f7daba4bc_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguD4YYAc3Q_DLeMOFjA2WQSftrjfnIR07C4ZlYAbE4RiGpjfeAIkaDWhPKN0zosXtJsabwNh_vIGcYDJ85UZYhcdWW5to3Sr25-XlsAJjeqwCWhMjAFMygmBobgKrHxK7HYhuDwEfzPfE/s640/5658313396_3f7daba4bc_b.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>A beautiful redbud tree blooms in front of the Valley Railroad Stone Bridge across Folly Mills Creek in Virginia.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/vadot/5658313396/in/photostream/">Virginia Department of Transportation on flickr</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Washington</h2>
Four sets of waterfalls and a spectacular old stone bridge bring visitors to <a href="http://www.wta.org/go-hiking/hikes/whatcom-creek">Whatcom Falls Park</a> in Bellingham, Washington. Built in 1939 by the WPA, the <a href="https://bridgehunter.com/wa/whatcom/whatcom-falls-park/">Whatcom Creek Stone Arch Pedestrian Bridge</a> was constructed from Chuckanut sandstone. The bridge is only 100 yards from a parking area for those who don't have time to walk the mile loop in the park.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5xggcUQ-Dq-WRZwjlR6SZcfPbWUwwren6Wap-GDd5JIk9PcKadhQk3CR7ao4aHTm2SG3OJcxVEz2odpRWALaih24gp-cMeMFwzkKZrkNSyxwvL0n33_9KIyCpJHmG7jUD-4OZRhessjo/s1600/1024px-Old_Stone_Bridge_Whatcom_Falls_Park_Bellingham_Washington.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5xggcUQ-Dq-WRZwjlR6SZcfPbWUwwren6Wap-GDd5JIk9PcKadhQk3CR7ao4aHTm2SG3OJcxVEz2odpRWALaih24gp-cMeMFwzkKZrkNSyxwvL0n33_9KIyCpJHmG7jUD-4OZRhessjo/s640/1024px-Old_Stone_Bridge_Whatcom_Falls_Park_Bellingham_Washington.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>This mossy WPA-built stone arch bridge overlooks Whatcom Falls in Bellingham, Washington.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Stone_Bridge_Whatcom_Falls_Park_Bellingham_Washington.jpg">mtsvancouver on Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Washington, D.C.</h2>
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The <a href="http://bridgehunter.com/dc/washington/2/">Wisconsin Avenue Stone Bridge</a> arches over the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal on Wisconsin Avenue in the Georgetown area of Washington, D.C. Currently carrying a public road open to traffic, the bridge's arch has a length of 54.1 feet and the bridge itself has a total length of 62 feet. Built in 1900, the bridge is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_pRhu5L5Ye3IEtJXhgNOEVNzOmmwNGPfxiYknasqocylbT18hXaUwqesa62HgKd1OzHo2dqfFGvXvA0-Ce-pinSc3n9qP_7TO8GU_WE0olUNxc3X2SMEVEVDqtu94YUKJG0VpdwJvXjk/s1600/C%2526O_Canal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="580" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_pRhu5L5Ye3IEtJXhgNOEVNzOmmwNGPfxiYknasqocylbT18hXaUwqesa62HgKd1OzHo2dqfFGvXvA0-Ce-pinSc3n9qP_7TO8GU_WE0olUNxc3X2SMEVEVDqtu94YUKJG0VpdwJvXjk/s640/C%2526O_Canal.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><a href="https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/05mar/07.cfm">The Wisconsin Avenue bridge in Georgetown</a> is built of local gneiss. The original wrought-iron railing dates back to 1831.<br />Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:C%26O_Canal.jpg">DC Public Library Commons on Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
West Virginia</h2>
Built in 1817, the 3-span <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm_Grove_Stone_Arch_Bridge">Elm Grove Stone Arch Bridge</a> is the oldest extant bridge in West Virginia. The 208-foot long bridge Carries U.S. Route 40 over Little Wheeling Creek in Elm Grove. Elliptical arches give the bridge a "humpback" look with the middle arch spanning 38 feet and the end arches spanning 25 feet each.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiREE6ga3w1Thz_ufDFTYhMP4d3i1cF1F-j2ZeP5VCNRQRqihyWFW_ldZOWpjqKEk_WOBvmo068WegBF1tKa337MZAAsljyTmWzdfBHlP0Gb9-HjL4KGTm8nnkQLUByzDzphof_jbs3aNQ/s1600/1024px-Elm_Grove_Stone_Arch_Bridge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiREE6ga3w1Thz_ufDFTYhMP4d3i1cF1F-j2ZeP5VCNRQRqihyWFW_ldZOWpjqKEk_WOBvmo068WegBF1tKa337MZAAsljyTmWzdfBHlP0Gb9-HjL4KGTm8nnkQLUByzDzphof_jbs3aNQ/s640/1024px-Elm_Grove_Stone_Arch_Bridge.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><a href="http://www.ohiocountylibrary.org/wheeling-history/elm-grove-bridge/3265">The Elm Grove Stone Arch Bridge</a> over Wheeling Creek in Elm Grove, West Virginia was sprayed with gunite in 1958, which covered the original limestone blocks.<br />Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elm_Grove_Stone_Arch_Bridge.jpg">Bwsmith84 on Wikimedia Commons</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Wisconsin</h2>
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The <a href="https://bridgehunter.com/wi/rock/tiffany-stone/">Tiffany Stone Arch Bridge Over Turtle Creek </a>in Rock County, Wisconsin was built in 1869 by the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, but the five arches were reinforced in the 1930s with concrete rings to support modern diesel locomotives. The substructure stone is from Wapun and the superstructure stone is from Duck Creek near Green Bay. The total length of the bridge is 387 ft and it is the oldest stone arch bridge in use today in Wisconsin.</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEs-ltCQaEdVzQgGpQuTfLP0-Versxo79vV24DHLxlrTdo0wNSR_ifSMJVoUOY3VQQmaxppp7wZ_w7BCxSWTntO-bT9gcBLzFGska8vzfZ2KCgLs_-WXPO33Fc8vbvF4QGVOE_2uWXqJ0/s1600/8609246261_288939ee34_k.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEs-ltCQaEdVzQgGpQuTfLP0-Versxo79vV24DHLxlrTdo0wNSR_ifSMJVoUOY3VQQmaxppp7wZ_w7BCxSWTntO-bT9gcBLzFGska8vzfZ2KCgLs_-WXPO33Fc8vbvF4QGVOE_2uWXqJ0/s640/8609246261_288939ee34_k.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The five-span Tiffany Stone Arch Bridge spanning Turtle Creek, Tiffany, Rock County, Wisconsin is the oldest stone arch bridge in use in Wisconsin today</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>Source: <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/oldonliner/8609246261/">Mark's Postcards from Beloit on flickr</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Wyoming</h2>
In Wyoming, I found the most interesting stone arch, not in bridge form, but in castle form. <a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-ig0LhJzJm54/U7sgFfXiPrI/AAAAAAAAwKo/YkRoE7EStBM/s1600-h/07-03-14-C-Guernsey-SP-237.jpg">The Castle</a>, a sandstone picnic shelter, looks like a medieval stronghold atop a hill in Guernsey State Park. Constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the mid-1930s, the stone workmanship is absolutely amazing. The arch is located in the west end of the structure and frames a scenic view of Laramie Peak.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYUYjgxe4CJJ4oBTVkhzH1nBO0vYn3jioOMjKLqURHaacG64TeKn2TbiCnyAeO9dBg48ikQ_lyQ_jSlb8otZhu9uDZiEw3wkWOYsfO_DzOQK35ARn0wHuGgkZrQtbeLfMfmSiyYvKhDz0/s1600/guernseycastle.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYUYjgxe4CJJ4oBTVkhzH1nBO0vYn3jioOMjKLqURHaacG64TeKn2TbiCnyAeO9dBg48ikQ_lyQ_jSlb8otZhu9uDZiEw3wkWOYsfO_DzOQK35ARn0wHuGgkZrQtbeLfMfmSiyYvKhDz0/s640/guernseycastle.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The Castle is a two room picnic shelter at Guernsey State Park in Wyoming and is one of the finest stone arch structures built by the Civilian Conservation Corps during the 1930s.<br />Source: <a href="http://www.onlyinyourstate.com/wyoming/wy-state-park-castle/">OnlyInYourState</a></i></span></td></tr>
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Nanette South Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10957711598030365443noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9053425686549922034.post-34745323739842103402017-02-11T06:00:00.000-06:002017-02-11T06:00:24.438-06:00Major Nights - An Engineering Comic <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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What do college students dream about at night? </div>
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I remember what my biggest dream was, so I decided to make a comic about it. I had many 4am homework conversations at Denny's with my fellow engineering students where we talked about switching majors so we could get a little shut-eye. I was particularly jealous of the geologists because they always looked so happy. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKnLZ929FlS14KOyzFb3EkdVh9TmiRa9H3h1HWq1Nq1jTsTIQMd0ra6cMG1mc5dntMBCE0O9hskeir8x2ugyUaRuerSg9oXyu7Co7xet5sahzr1AIobVmuN6e12hHfFTaKcFgJz6hOlzk/s1600/Major_Nights_NSClark.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKnLZ929FlS14KOyzFb3EkdVh9TmiRa9H3h1HWq1Nq1jTsTIQMd0ra6cMG1mc5dntMBCE0O9hskeir8x2ugyUaRuerSg9oXyu7Co7xet5sahzr1AIobVmuN6e12hHfFTaKcFgJz6hOlzk/s640/Major_Nights_NSClark.png" width="574" /></a></div>
<br />Nanette South Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11434453594539343726noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9053425686549922034.post-72260062312743922872017-02-03T06:00:00.000-06:002017-02-03T06:00:06.688-06:003 Nikola Tesla Quotes for February 3rdWhile transcribing articles about Nikola Tesla, I like to note some of my favorite quotes. These below are three I found in the <i>Electrical Experimenter.</i><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS_3me2bbokUJ1K830FOq5h4kxN5IJXcEYWhAFF6_rsYBzs5tGV7mNZpxLh19xO05UOvraul7O48YOPgZ86dU3HLrsPBoIqkz118_nMf-NxILRpm5Z5Hp7Z-ntGfgiDLKDJhk1gox0hQ4/s1600/TeslaAge34.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS_3me2bbokUJ1K830FOq5h4kxN5IJXcEYWhAFF6_rsYBzs5tGV7mNZpxLh19xO05UOvraul7O48YOPgZ86dU3HLrsPBoIqkz118_nMf-NxILRpm5Z5Hp7Z-ntGfgiDLKDJhk1gox0hQ4/s400/TeslaAge34.jpeg" width="297" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nikola Tesla in 1890, age 34<br />Source: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla">Wikipedia</a></td></tr>
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"The pressure of occupation and the incessant stream of impressions pouring into our consciousness thru all the gateways of knowledge make modern existence hazardous in many ways. Most persons are so absorbed in the contemplation of the outside world that they are wholly oblivious to what is passing on within themselves. The premature death of millions is primarily traceable to this cause. Even among those who exercise care it is a common mistake to avoid imaginary, and ignore the real dangers. And what is true of an individual also applies, more or less, to a people as a whole."<br />
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~Nikola Tesla,<i> "The Electrical Experimenter," </i>Volume VI, No. 71, March, 1919, Page 776.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0oOISifbTbNETJ3DlxfIfqc13fYuaJVYGIYk-imRsjv-GE2p4pTETRcakS9mtn6uGNLhjwLJjNqj1EReQh6WVQ5-DtrIVEnne9Mfk9dEk3puw5u98_iuCSjhnopTogc1-0aR0HVqirjY/s1600/Nikola_Tesla_by_Sarony_c1885-crop.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0oOISifbTbNETJ3DlxfIfqc13fYuaJVYGIYk-imRsjv-GE2p4pTETRcakS9mtn6uGNLhjwLJjNqj1EReQh6WVQ5-DtrIVEnne9Mfk9dEk3puw5u98_iuCSjhnopTogc1-0aR0HVqirjY/s400/Nikola_Tesla_by_Sarony_c1885-crop.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nikola Tesla in about 1885, abt age 29<br />Source: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla">Wikipedia</a></td></tr>
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"Engineering, electrical and mechanical, is positive in results. There is scarcely a subject that cannot be mathematically treated and the effects calculated or the results determined beforehand from the available theoretical and practical data. The carrying out into practise of a crude idea as is being generally done is, I hold, nothing but a waste of energy, money and time."<br />
<i><br /></i>
~Nikola Tesla,<i> "The Electrical Experimenter," </i>Volume VI, No. 70, February, 1919, Page 744.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlHlMIuPa8JRdaNfvd_EhHWohDFWXlfpHlmC5HCp1qNVd_-xD-6M_W5mMTMSeSzhG8kKfRcZ_tToQ5kfnUP-GGRukHCvdaA7_hLEydFJnDPmafV9ySLSn3fJmb2FrQchFe4y6xU6Ibng0/s1600/Tesla_1879_teslauniverse.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlHlMIuPa8JRdaNfvd_EhHWohDFWXlfpHlmC5HCp1qNVd_-xD-6M_W5mMTMSeSzhG8kKfRcZ_tToQ5kfnUP-GGRukHCvdaA7_hLEydFJnDPmafV9ySLSn3fJmb2FrQchFe4y6xU6Ibng0/s400/Tesla_1879_teslauniverse.jpg" width="310" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nikola Tesla in about 1879, abt age 23<br />Source: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla">Wikipedia</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
"The history of science shows that theories are perishable. With every new truth that is revealed we get a better understanding of Nature and our conceptions and views are modified."<br />
<i><br /></i>
~Nikola Tesla, <i>"The Electrical Experimenter," </i>Volume VII, No. 73, May, 1919, Page 28.<br />
<br />Nanette South Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10957711598030365443noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9053425686549922034.post-44838975358682868182017-02-01T11:22:00.000-06:002017-02-01T11:36:24.763-06:0010 gifts for your Engineer Valentine under $20 <br />
I admit it, it is sometimes difficult to find something to give an engineer that says, "I love you." Here are 10 suggestions under $20 I found after quite a bit of searching. My favorite one is free! Good luck with your engineer!<br />
<h3>
<a href="http://www.thinkgeek.com/product/ec48/#tabs">1. Pixel Heart Heat Changing Mug</a></h3>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicErDQHs1H9N8DFIUs4dOqcj3OCqDbM_ZRn0uHN4alkKuaybcuydQyCaSTvfwjHYuV9fhVbMLXocCg46GTG0JMor2UuHLqdld5H8wn-fxezVQUoIrbrIngIieQaJf-3kh2mk5ZThWSHlkd/s1600/ec48_pixel_heart_heat_changing_mug.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicErDQHs1H9N8DFIUs4dOqcj3OCqDbM_ZRn0uHN4alkKuaybcuydQyCaSTvfwjHYuV9fhVbMLXocCg46GTG0JMor2UuHLqdld5H8wn-fxezVQUoIrbrIngIieQaJf-3kh2mk5ZThWSHlkd/s320/ec48_pixel_heart_heat_changing_mug.gif" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.thinkgeek.com/product/ec48/#tabs"><span style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;">from </span><i>ThinkGeek</i></a></span></td></tr>
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"We all like to sit around and complain that we need caffeine to take on the oh-so-hard task of sitting on our expanding backsides and typing for eight hours. "Oh no," we say. "Don't talk to me about that spreadsheet until I've had my 4-cup French press!" Do you know who thinks you should STFU? Mario. Link. Other heroes who are busting their tails in the wild to rescue princesses and save the world. Think of them next time you complain about being bored in a meeting.<br />
<br />
The Pixel Heart Heat Changing Mug is here to remind you that filling up on health is easy for you. You don't need to adventure to find pieces of heart. You just walk up to the Caffeinated Potion Machine and pour yourself a fresh cup of wake-me-up. Done and done. Watch as the heat-sensitive ink turns the sad black heart into a healthy, full red one. Now you're ready to tackle the Big Boss. (Just don't stomp on his head like last time, okay?)"<br />
<br />
<b><a href="http://www.thinkgeek.com/product/ec48/">$11.99 (on sale for $9.99 right now)</a></b><br />
<br />
<h3>
<a href="http://mars.nasa.gov/free-holiday-ecard/love-valentine/#Send-A-Card">2. Mars E-Valentines </a></h3>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTNhyLMRE7KWiKLbmIQ50dpOUEwfQXBmVQ90ajGo-5NaFSuGEhLYG_jnyIGoV9NVeXVcHz75s8oG3De3FdPtGyTGxAzv8C4Jn7wI8eL3gKolOoa4q6AAOLPmlaH-jbyqIAYq2Ll-LcFYk/s1600/MarsValentine.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="149" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTNhyLMRE7KWiKLbmIQ50dpOUEwfQXBmVQ90ajGo-5NaFSuGEhLYG_jnyIGoV9NVeXVcHz75s8oG3De3FdPtGyTGxAzv8C4Jn7wI8eL3gKolOoa4q6AAOLPmlaH-jbyqIAYq2Ll-LcFYk/s320/MarsValentine.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">from <a href="http://mars.nasa.gov/free-holiday-ecard/love-valentine/#Send-A-Card" style="text-align: start;">Nasa</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /></div>
<div>
Nasa has some awesome valentines you can send to your valentine featuring Mars! These are seriously cool. <3</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://mars.nasa.gov/free-holiday-ecard/love-valentine/#Send-A-Card">FREE</a></div>
<div>
<br />
<h3>
<a href="https://www.etsy.com/listing/483614763/math-science-mugs-all-you-need-is-love?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=shopping_us_d-home_and_living-kitchen_and_dining-drink_and_barware&utm_custom1=dc8785a9-65c3-4459-b77a-c4deb7fbf4d6&gclid=Cj0KEQiA_KvEBRCtzNil4-KR-LIBEiQAmgekF4xieWLlkiI1k0p--cAWK7uFXe1Nd-suHU2b5-1pa0gaAlCF8P8HAQ">3. All You Need is Love Math Equations Mug</a></h3>
<h2>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho-ODfDHcQOUbuSMWQWqDvwQLNTPL0pJKYRs1Rbm8pH20OukQ_RMGhHelEqmzfqKhyphenhyphenrohRFSXa8wJU5EIh2OL5c7cqNhkfOoUf18034UhCZzDrU5w5rhFdKwa5PPcoK8t1aojtnpzfeeg/s1600/allyouneedislove.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho-ODfDHcQOUbuSMWQWqDvwQLNTPL0pJKYRs1Rbm8pH20OukQ_RMGhHelEqmzfqKhyphenhyphenrohRFSXa8wJU5EIh2OL5c7cqNhkfOoUf18034UhCZzDrU5w5rhFdKwa5PPcoK8t1aojtnpzfeeg/s320/allyouneedislove.jpg" width="265" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">From <a href="https://www.etsy.com/listing/483614763/math-science-mugs-all-you-need-is-love?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=shopping_us_d-home_and_living-kitchen_and_dining-drink_and_barware&utm_custom1=dc8785a9-65c3-4459-b77a-c4deb7fbf4d6&gclid=Cj0KEQiA_KvEBRCtzNil4-KR-LIBEiQAmgekF4xieWLlkiI1k0p--cAWK7uFXe1Nd-suHU2b5-1pa0gaAlCF8P8HAQ" style="text-align: start;">JingleWares</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</h2>
<span style="background-color: white;">This mug is sure to send the right message to your engineer-valentine! It comes in two sizes.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span> <span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.etsy.com/listing/483614763/math-science-mugs-all-you-need-is-love?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=shopping_us_d-home_and_living-kitchen_and_dining-drink_and_barware&utm_custom1=dc8785a9-65c3-4459-b77a-c4deb7fbf4d6&gclid=Cj0KEQiA_KvEBRCtzNil4-KR-LIBEiQAmgekF4xieWLlkiI1k0p--cAWK7uFXe1Nd-suHU2b5-1pa0gaAlCF8P8HAQ">$14.95 - $17.95</a></span><br />
<br />
<h3>
<a href="http://www.thinkgeek.com/product/itmo/#tabs">4. I Love My Geek 8-Bit Heart Cupcake Bath Bomb</a></h3>
</div>
<div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj80mizKVB3MG92gYrh7GzRxSqfVXbgRfUBfvGnB4Uo8VYI8P1jRZXbhC4Hxjy0Ta_B0iaID2FnkSML9qdcafr8fe0UrvnRPFdKFO3L53__OWHTiVpH2CYPXKmIvD8Nii3zbRMDV0i4DyQ/s1600/itmo_geeklove_cupcake_bath_bomb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj80mizKVB3MG92gYrh7GzRxSqfVXbgRfUBfvGnB4Uo8VYI8P1jRZXbhC4Hxjy0Ta_B0iaID2FnkSML9qdcafr8fe0UrvnRPFdKFO3L53__OWHTiVpH2CYPXKmIvD8Nii3zbRMDV0i4DyQ/s320/itmo_geeklove_cupcake_bath_bomb.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">from <a href="http://www.thinkgeek.com/product/itmo/#tabs" style="text-align: start;">ThinkGeek</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>
</h2>
<div>
"Water in 8-bit games was generally a bad thing. In Pitfall! water was full of crocodiles. Water slowed Sonic down to subsonic. Even in games where you'd think water wouldn't be a problem it was. Frogger. You're a frog. But apparently water is your weakness. And don't even get us started on Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.<br />
<br />
However, this product brings 8-bit games and water together in a rewarding fashion. The I Love My Geek 8-Bit Heart Cupcake Bath Bomb looks like a cupcake. Smells like a cupcake (vanilla). And is guaranteed to make you (or your sweetie) feel like you just won the game and got to put your initials in. Best thing ever."<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.thinkgeek.com/product/itmo/#tabs">$11.99</a><br />
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<h3 style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://www.etsy.com/listing/253261209/infinity-necklace-math-necklace-calculus?ga_order=most_relevant&ga_search_type=all&ga_view_type=gallery&ga_search_query=infinity%20jewelry&ref=sr_gallery_20">5. Infinity Necklace</a></h3>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFVPaVM2alx0UiP6sTGA1S1Rhy18yei-Jw-CLCfEhnVoJSgDlTWACYOodlJRpdNh9T6FH2x6-zT0VbA1Z3cCllS_OgLpb6KkOkSSMMzEb3CMD56bQev3aUqkmlh69GM_BwGmLryJ5UTpM/s1600/infinity.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFVPaVM2alx0UiP6sTGA1S1Rhy18yei-Jw-CLCfEhnVoJSgDlTWACYOodlJRpdNh9T6FH2x6-zT0VbA1Z3cCllS_OgLpb6KkOkSSMMzEb3CMD56bQev3aUqkmlh69GM_BwGmLryJ5UTpM/s320/infinity.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">from <a href="https://www.etsy.com/listing/253261209/infinity-necklace-math-necklace-calculus?ga_order=most_relevant&ga_search_type=all&ga_view_type=gallery&ga_search_query=infinity%20jewelry&ref=sr_gallery_20" style="text-align: start;">RevelryJewelry</a></span></td></tr>
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<div>
Tell your engineer that you love him/her to infinity and beyond with this necklace. Infinity charm is<br />
2 x 22.5 x 1mm. Choose your chain.</div>
<div>
<br />
<a href="https://www.etsy.com/listing/253261209/infinity-necklace-math-necklace-calculus?ga_order=most_relevant&ga_search_type=all&ga_view_type=gallery&ga_search_query=infinity%20jewelry&ref=sr_gallery_20">$12.00</a></div>
<div>
<h2>
</h2>
<h3>
<a href="https://www.etsy.com/listing/217230935/i3u-algebra-equation-formula-mouse-pad?ga_order=most_relevant&ga_search_type=all&ga_view_type=gallery&ga_search_query=math%20valentine&ref=sr_gallery_32">6. i<3u Algebra Equation Formula Mouse Pad</a></h3>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw-d4cfoFVg972ELPbFTw-mfvZXyH2rgPOoJXp0zcoDyErCLHPODyIq6kxTRI5rmBngfCrCjvpyOzk1-rE79E49Femq-8istMxnrcku1nyUYWprojCAmeoKn0ewHLG59B6tUgVNDm8KYw/s1600/mousepad.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw-d4cfoFVg972ELPbFTw-mfvZXyH2rgPOoJXp0zcoDyErCLHPODyIq6kxTRI5rmBngfCrCjvpyOzk1-rE79E49Femq-8istMxnrcku1nyUYWprojCAmeoKn0ewHLG59B6tUgVNDm8KYw/s320/mousepad.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">from <a href="https://www.etsy.com/listing/217230935/i3u-algebra-equation-formula-mouse-pad?ga_order=most_relevant&ga_search_type=all&ga_view_type=gallery&ga_search_query=math%20valentine&ref=sr_gallery_32" style="text-align: start;">NeuronsNotIncluded</a></span></td></tr>
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<div>
"Ah, algebra - proudly frustrating students since 1637AD. Becoming highly skilled in algebra and other mathematics requires disciplined, rational thought, and it is often the case that those skilled in the ways of solving for 'X' sometimes struggle a bit in the expressions of love and affection (translation - sometimes nerds suck at romance). Should you happen to be one of those who can't bring themselves to draw little hearts on notes to your beloved, we offer the formula 9x-7i > 3(3x-7u), which reduces to one of those cutesy little expressions (i<3u) sure to win the heart of anyone clever enough to solve it.</div>
<br />
You romantic devil, you."<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.etsy.com/listing/217230935/i3u-algebra-equation-formula-mouse-pad?ga_order=most_relevant&ga_search_type=all&ga_view_type=gallery&ga_search_query=math%20valentine&ref=sr_gallery_32">$10.00</a><br />
<h2>
</h2>
<h3>
<a href="http://www.thinkgeek.com/product/htvn/">7. I Love You / I Know Rings</a></h3>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFe5HvjiOswyqziOvw_Twyq-J9lUlkKVvPeXz-1E_u5hRDrtrJUzNaAU8W2xd3GJhej3Yy-BE-KkwXUtF9YwzS8e53WRPMEgbvvz-d_mb5n84LYjsDHSymPPciRptiyYVkBA9MKkZ4Sr0/s1600/htvn_i_love_you_i_know_rings.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFe5HvjiOswyqziOvw_Twyq-J9lUlkKVvPeXz-1E_u5hRDrtrJUzNaAU8W2xd3GJhej3Yy-BE-KkwXUtF9YwzS8e53WRPMEgbvvz-d_mb5n84LYjsDHSymPPciRptiyYVkBA9MKkZ4Sr0/s320/htvn_i_love_you_i_know_rings.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">from <a href="http://www.thinkgeek.com/product/htvn/" style="text-align: start;">ThinkGeek</a></span></td></tr>
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<div>
"Recently the phrase "Love you to the moon and back" from Guess How Much I Love You by Anita Jeram has been popping up on all sorts of things. Cards. Plaques. Jewelry. But the love we need to express is bigger than that. So much bigger.</div>
<br />
Get your significant other a ring that says, "I love you to a galaxy far, far away and back." Well, not literally. What they literally say is "I love you" and "I know," the iconic exchange between Leia and Han. But, of course, we didn't need to tell you that. The phrases are engraved on the outside of the bands, the smaller size range reading "I Love You" and the larger size range reading "I Know".<br />
<br />
Somehow Han's decidedly unsentimental response is rendered romantic when you're in a relationship with another Star Wars aficionado. Don't believe us? Try this ring out on your significant other, and wait for him or her to melt like ice on Tatooine. Which would probably be more of a sublimation kind of thing, so we're going to stop with the metaphors now. Buy the rings, k?"<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.thinkgeek.com/product/htvn/">$19.99, but on sale right now for $9.99</a><br />
<br />
<h3>
<a href="https://www.etsy.com/listing/492437086/i-love-you-in-binary-code-t-shirt?ga_order=most_relevant&ga_search_type=all&ga_view_type=gallery&ga_search_query=math%20valentine&ref=sr_gallery_38">8. I Love You (in Binary Code) T-Shirt </a></h3>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfPgYtWQhZ1HujPo6CwLPT5uo8FAILn52Ajor57DynwFpqslU_owICdBEmlGZCGzqJNLRIBO_WEvEObN3jR86cb9sxFIDUZ0435W0ySggWt7FkgEQ5_IHkymyuSKIxhUXAi26TmM8xZqE/s1600/binary.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfPgYtWQhZ1HujPo6CwLPT5uo8FAILn52Ajor57DynwFpqslU_owICdBEmlGZCGzqJNLRIBO_WEvEObN3jR86cb9sxFIDUZ0435W0ySggWt7FkgEQ5_IHkymyuSKIxhUXAi26TmM8xZqE/s320/binary.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">from <a class="" href="https://www.etsy.com/listing/492437086/i-love-you-in-binary-code-t-shirt?ga_order=most_relevant&ga_search_type=all&ga_view_type=gallery&ga_search_query=math%20valentine&ref=sr_gallery_38" style="text-align: start;">artistwaves</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
Tell your engineer you love him/her with this t-shirt where it is all spelled out clearly...in binary code. They will love you for it.</div>
<br />
<a href="https://www.etsy.com/listing/492437086/i-love-you-in-binary-code-t-shirt?ga_order=most_relevant&ga_search_type=all&ga_view_type=gallery&ga_search_query=math%20valentine&ref=sr_gallery_38">$14.99</a><br />
<br />
<h3>
<a href="http://www.thinkgeek.com/product/jplv/">9. Joker Never-Ending Valentine's Card</a></h3>
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<center>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ru6JrakXdJc" width="560"></iframe></center>
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<span style="text-align: start;">From </span><a href="http://www.thinkgeek.com/product/jplv/" style="text-align: start;">ThinkGeek</a></center>
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"People always say the thing they're looking for in a relationship is someone with "a good sense of humor." If you and your significant other have large senses of humor (and high tolerance levels), then you probably consider pranking each other for Valentine's Day.<br />
<br />
These cards make the pranking easy. Both feature a variation on the phrase "Be Mine Forever." What's different is what's inside. Sort of like a box of chocolates. Except more noisy and potentially sparkly.<br />
<br />
Grab one of these Joker Valentine's Cards, write an endearing message, and deliver it. Once your recipient presses the indicated space, either some annoying jazzy Valentine's Day music or kissy noises (depending on which card you select) will play for the next three hours. That's right! THREE HOURS. Lucky for you, an included tab allows you (the joker) to safely sample the sound, open the card, and write your message. Once the tab is removed, it's like pulling a pin on a grenade. Take cover! Or at least bring earplugs."<br />
<br />
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<h3>
<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Science-Valentines-Cards-Nerdy-Words/dp/B01N7S4VXU/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1485813435&sr=8-2&keywords=science+valentine">10. Mini Science Valentine's Day Cards (Set of 24)</a></h3>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFMFnx8JKj9yU6cw6Sd4ekh6X8NJuILeliF95w1E00pwDZlQfyCXezhxsgyHJ_tvCjqWHhQ2Al4gwqZLj0lnyn_IYvQslE2mQLmqEwLB3EKJYiw1T0vwmrjPor0Bq7zC5OgePkWupm1HA/s1600/NerdValentines.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFMFnx8JKj9yU6cw6Sd4ekh6X8NJuILeliF95w1E00pwDZlQfyCXezhxsgyHJ_tvCjqWHhQ2Al4gwqZLj0lnyn_IYvQslE2mQLmqEwLB3EKJYiw1T0vwmrjPor0Bq7zC5OgePkWupm1HA/s320/NerdValentines.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">From <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Science-Valentines-Cards-Nerdy-Words/dp/B01N7S4VXU/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1485813435&sr=8-2&keywords=science+valentine">Nerdy Words</a> on Amazon</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
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<br />
<h2>
<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Science-Valentines-Cards-Nerdy-Words/dp/B01N7S4VXU/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1485813435&sr=8-2&keywords=science+valentine">$15.99</a></h2>
Nanette South Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10957711598030365443noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9053425686549922034.post-30186045297359644662017-01-27T06:00:00.000-06:002017-01-27T11:47:22.298-06:00The Anniversary of the Honeymoon Bridge Collapse - January 27, 1938<i>"To respect the dignity of a relationship also implies accepting the end when it comes. </i><i>~André Brink, Before I Forget</i><br />
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Today marks the anniversary of an ill-fated honeymoon. On this day in 1938, the Honeymoon Bridge's girders buckled, and with a mighty roar, the 840-foot span smashed onto the ice-jammed Niagara River below.<br />
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The Honeymoon Bridge was a two-hinged steel arch bridge which crossed the Niagara River about a quarter of a mile below the famous Niagara Falls, linking Ontario and New York. Built in 1898 by the Pencoyd Bridge Company and designed by <a href="https://structurae.net/persons/leffert-lefferts-buck">Leffert Lefferts Buck</a>, it was the longest steel arch bridge in the world at the time of completion.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9zw801e5dl-0Jenm6XGsTgTBoq542iV7szvtQp2vMiD6G-XjoUxKZGoP_w9xOQhndcLGlKs-qU_cSViqu6MutMIAoTmY30RF2gAWTdDCtnFznjPQIniHIzzWZrM8jBDgzrqOlT_rAIAA/s1600/UpperSteelArchBridge1910.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9zw801e5dl-0Jenm6XGsTgTBoq542iV7szvtQp2vMiD6G-XjoUxKZGoP_w9xOQhndcLGlKs-qU_cSViqu6MutMIAoTmY30RF2gAWTdDCtnFznjPQIniHIzzWZrM8jBDgzrqOlT_rAIAA/s640/UpperSteelArchBridge1910.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Honeymoon Bridge over the Niagara River in 1910.<br />
Source: <a href="http://www.virtualreferencelibrary.ca/detail.jsp?Entt=RDMDC-PCR-1632&R=DC-PCR-1632&searchPageType=vrl">Toronto Virtual Reference Library</a></td></tr>
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Every winter, ice bridges formed in the Lower Niagara River threatening the stability of the steel arch bridge as the abutments were built close to the surface of the river. The bridge also tended to sway under heavy loads or high winds.<br />
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In January, 1938, a perfect storm of conditions occurred which would bring about the Honeymoon Bridge's untimely demise. According to the Niagara Falls Museum, there was: "Thin ice on Lake Erie, a 5-day January thaw, and 3 days of high winds." This caused water and ice levels to rise to record heights below the bridge.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSlO_2E_jY4TCNzstSs7UTx_qoWalu0jyKioXpmFFjNpYb6EG78QUsvS3GN-PORV7kEo23csuOW_z-20PqVnTOAlHfwVJIhyphenhyphenAkeGOxkquYTVPe8YWabWQ82eNIUOKE9DHMbCV-hyl5F4E/s1600/HoneymoonBridgeBeforeCollapse.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSlO_2E_jY4TCNzstSs7UTx_qoWalu0jyKioXpmFFjNpYb6EG78QUsvS3GN-PORV7kEo23csuOW_z-20PqVnTOAlHfwVJIhyphenhyphenAkeGOxkquYTVPe8YWabWQ82eNIUOKE9DHMbCV-hyl5F4E/s640/HoneymoonBridgeBeforeCollapse.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A postcard showing the Honeymoon Bridge before its collapse in 1938.</td></tr>
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<h4>
<b>January 17, 1938</b></h4>
<div>
<i>"I walked with them, as crowds have that effect on me, I want to do what they do, to journey towards some point of revelation, which of course never comes." </i><i>~Neil Jordan, Mistaken</i></div>
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The media and the public flocked to Niagara Falls as it became clear that the bridge was in jeopardy. Newspapers across Canada and the United States kept those who were not able to travel to the frozen scene apprised.</div>
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The fall of the Honeymoon Bridge started innocuously enough, as most romances do. The bridge, with its graceful steel arch rising about 165 feet above the waters of the lower gorge, and the dazzling whiteness of the expanding ice, jamming the river below, made a spectacular couple. In fact, only ten days before the bridge met its wintry end, the <i>Ottawa Journal</i> waxed poetic about the ice forming in the Niagara River:<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPBM_0eAM-dFY5EjYKpejCehMPmO7uJfP74RCqJ3jTLJ7u7jx0yYmgHIjFrAE2fZrN3EudD8NaH2S79_xiWWcFHQWVE90miLNDYgpq40xJooiMAvQalWo1zzW5_EcKeawZxCDBRoHV9VQ/s1600/OttowaJournalJan17_1938.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPBM_0eAM-dFY5EjYKpejCehMPmO7uJfP74RCqJ3jTLJ7u7jx0yYmgHIjFrAE2fZrN3EudD8NaH2S79_xiWWcFHQWVE90miLNDYgpq40xJooiMAvQalWo1zzW5_EcKeawZxCDBRoHV9VQ/s320/OttowaJournalJan17_1938.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Source:<i> The Ottawa Journal</i>, January 17, 1938, page 14.</td></tr>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">"The first 'ice bridge' of the season spread further today over the waters of the Niagara Falls Gorge, as the cataract was being bedecked in its Winter finery." </span></span><span style="text-align: left;">~The Ottawa Journal</span></i></blockquote>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP2EaU_vQbCN84nKHgHoL0IpiG11tVKmMcA_GIEdaapHfBPiWTocoL570DriUlHUDR5MIXKoOimBCcwXMhtSK1nPFZlDZDt1egF7okoU65Jg2pd7SFuqv1Q1gH0jZ2AqNPl6i6yfPzQPE/s1600/Honeymoon+Bridge+1937.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="475" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP2EaU_vQbCN84nKHgHoL0IpiG11tVKmMcA_GIEdaapHfBPiWTocoL570DriUlHUDR5MIXKoOimBCcwXMhtSK1nPFZlDZDt1egF7okoU65Jg2pd7SFuqv1Q1gH0jZ2AqNPl6i6yfPzQPE/s640/Honeymoon+Bridge+1937.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Part of the Honeymoon Bridge in January 1937. (Source: <a href="https://www.niagarafallstourism.com/blog/the-collapse-of-the-honeymoon-bridge/">Niagara Falls Tourism)</a> </td></tr>
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<br />
<b>January 26, 1938</b><br />
<br />
<i>"It is a strange thing, but when you are dreading something, and would give anything to slow down time, it has a disobliging habit of speeding up." </i><i>~J.K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire</i><br />
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On January 26, 1938, the <i>Lethbridge Herald</i> reported the bridge was beginning to buckle.<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>"The worst ice jam in many years thundered over Niagara Falls today and the famous International Falls view bridge began to buckle beneath the ice pressure. Waves appeared in the 1000-foot span, and it was closed to traffic."</i> <i>~The Lethbridge Herald</i></div>
</blockquote>
Customs and immigration officials from the American shore reported the bridge making "rumbling and crumbling" sounds and crowds watched as part of the upper bridge structure shifted downstream. The newspaper also reported, "A section of the upper part of the span about three or four feet long bulged out six inches to a foot. The movement was accompanied by a rumbling noise and was over in a few seconds."<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrqR2QLh6q-hVAbOKLDe32zncE1gsRfmFRfrqH6micBzC9ESX8iPE2VBZ3zZVx8rMigHfu6cGMTLKIizse-U1KGRHntPX2WzjdE_rogBHG1SW7gCJu40OPnqgR2Y7R_q3VmZbjuiTrRBk/s1600/HoneymoonBridgeBuckling.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrqR2QLh6q-hVAbOKLDe32zncE1gsRfmFRfrqH6micBzC9ESX8iPE2VBZ3zZVx8rMigHfu6cGMTLKIizse-U1KGRHntPX2WzjdE_rogBHG1SW7gCJu40OPnqgR2Y7R_q3VmZbjuiTrRBk/s640/HoneymoonBridgeBuckling.jpg" width="380" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The view of the sag in the bridge floor from the Canadian side, up-river. The rail split to a 6-inch crack in the center.<br />
(Source: <a href="http://www.virtualreferencelibrary.ca/detail.jsp?Entt=RDMDC-TSPA_0106864F&R=DC-TSPA_0106864F&searchPageType=vrl">Toronto Virtual Reference Library</a>)</td></tr>
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While some people watched the drama unfold, others were making predictions. William Hill, a veteran riverman who rescued eight of twelve sightseers who had been carried out on the rapids when a smaller ice bridge under the falls broke away in 1912, predicted the ice bridge would come loose and the bridge would collapse on the night of January 26.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjilbO_8ITAD4Ma5gj7OgtAoapJuQmK53a_n19zaqtMt7dxw11fByibaSr_L4aWMXEOf-54HmntHNxYHY7LYevz-BTIujYv19Ccm-8BZn4scc8UrMDgyvO3Jfurj1qveldOCp5JPUs_Z5s/s1600/OttowaJournalJan26_1938.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjilbO_8ITAD4Ma5gj7OgtAoapJuQmK53a_n19zaqtMt7dxw11fByibaSr_L4aWMXEOf-54HmntHNxYHY7LYevz-BTIujYv19Ccm-8BZn4scc8UrMDgyvO3Jfurj1qveldOCp5JPUs_Z5s/s400/OttowaJournalJan26_1938.png" width="208" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">William Hill, veteran riverman, predicts the collapse of the Honeymoon Bridge.<br />
(Source: <i>The Ottawa Journal</i>, January 26, 1938, Page 17.)</td></tr>
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By afternoon, the owner of the Honeymoon Bridge and official of the International Railway Company, said he felt the bridge would fall into the Niagara in a few hours unless the ice pressure was relieved.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-lm0CwhYsZxYrDyfY99d37rHZrBSLA1r-R9d1aZq1QGrszdSV0Z8uRBwrG9utPkti188alpvw8b0zbDLEYV5M_PC6NoEWp6z5jqnGk7So7wORRDcZo4nETBa7FTptzytFVyZ6LVd9yEg/s1600/OttawaJournalJan26_1938_afternoon.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-lm0CwhYsZxYrDyfY99d37rHZrBSLA1r-R9d1aZq1QGrszdSV0Z8uRBwrG9utPkti188alpvw8b0zbDLEYV5M_PC6NoEWp6z5jqnGk7So7wORRDcZo4nETBa7FTptzytFVyZ6LVd9yEg/s400/OttawaJournalJan26_1938_afternoon.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Engineers planned to dynamite the ice masses below the Honeymoon Bridge.<br />
(Source: <i>The Ottawa Journal</i>, 5 O'clock Edition, January 26, 1938, Page 1)</td></tr>
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<div>
<div>
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Engineers began preparing to dynamite the ice masses. The <i>Ottawa Journal</i> reported that the water was 40 feet above normal at 2 pm, 15 feet higher than the 1909 record.</div>
<div>
<br />
<h4>
January 27, 1938</h4>
<i>"'What if I fall?', Tim cried.</i><br />
<i>Maerlyn laughed. 'Sooner or later, we all do." </i><i>~Stephen King, The Wind Through the Keyhole</i><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvYmbE9GeQIsDcd8n9xzLHmn97XUwbtnGu9v8uZhKWAzrGS5oV0dtn4XYexZz3f66PEmoWVVJ6dUck3dcYQFN9kgZ1hyphenhyphen8bGRSO6TPVVoLeLMjuGrL46aUWiVW4Vi6ebZsyjxY3sAwRuXI/s1600/OttawaJournalJan27_1938_1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvYmbE9GeQIsDcd8n9xzLHmn97XUwbtnGu9v8uZhKWAzrGS5oV0dtn4XYexZz3f66PEmoWVVJ6dUck3dcYQFN9kgZ1hyphenhyphen8bGRSO6TPVVoLeLMjuGrL46aUWiVW4Vi6ebZsyjxY3sAwRuXI/s400/OttawaJournalJan27_1938_1.png" width="232" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Headline from the 5 O'clock Edition of the Ottawa Journal announcing the collapse of the Honeymoon Bridge.<br />
(Source: <i>The Ottawa Journal</i>, 5 O'clock Edition, January 27, 1938, Page 1)</td></tr>
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</div>
The morning papers on January 27, 1938 reported a new twist in the spidery steelwork, but drastic measures to save the bridge came too late. The <a href="http://niagarafallsmuseums.ca/discover-our-history/history-notes/honeymoonbridge.aspx">Niagara Falls Museums</a> described the collapse.<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: center;">
<i>"At about 4:10 p.m. on January 27th, a movement of ice on the American side pushed the bridge off of its abutment. With a huge roar, it collapsed into the gorge, forming a twisted steel "W" on the ice below." ~The Niagara Falls Museums </i></blockquote>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDg-XeO92ZdU3yx4bJVd6SdolmZnRsSkBBhrc_OjEbbtS6cvMKPzyi64buAeGQn2EWXqRyLJY2duIosAOLgvATzGRpvJ0-9adrMz1srrrVBHWPFnVLpCAxavxGaKNxNXmooMCae7bJXyY/s1600/HoneymoonBridgeCollapse.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDg-XeO92ZdU3yx4bJVd6SdolmZnRsSkBBhrc_OjEbbtS6cvMKPzyi64buAeGQn2EWXqRyLJY2duIosAOLgvATzGRpvJ0-9adrMz1srrrVBHWPFnVLpCAxavxGaKNxNXmooMCae7bJXyY/s640/HoneymoonBridgeCollapse.jpg" width="489" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">4500 tons of scrap steel from the fall of the Honeymoon Bridge on Jan. 27, 1938.<br />
(Source: <a href="http://www.virtualreferencelibrary.ca/detail.jsp?Entt=RDMDC-TSPA_0106857F&R=DC-TSPA_0106857F&searchPageType=vrl" style="font-size: 12.8px;">Toronto Virtual Reference Library</a><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">)</span><br />
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<div style="text-align: left;">
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_r0DaO8i-DxHsquCAqEXqHBhDVbkJfuQi4W5LstaTIXopJtOGEwh26R9Tcwl6_mjl7VYi3KisJY8hKMTuz5myA8sy7mLRPEoxOUWPXiuyFFeTl1NvHWbz_QACseUeWUHwzZZV0507XCo/s1600/HoneymoonBridgeCollapsedSpan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_r0DaO8i-DxHsquCAqEXqHBhDVbkJfuQi4W5LstaTIXopJtOGEwh26R9Tcwl6_mjl7VYi3KisJY8hKMTuz5myA8sy7mLRPEoxOUWPXiuyFFeTl1NvHWbz_QACseUeWUHwzZZV0507XCo/s640/HoneymoonBridgeCollapsedSpan.jpg" width="484" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Full view of the collapsed Honeymoon Bridge taken by <i>Toronto Star</i> photographer.<br />
(Source: <a href="http://www.virtualreferencelibrary.ca/detail.jsp?Entt=RDMDC-TSPA_0106860F&R=DC-TSPA_0106860F&searchPageType=vrl">Toronto Virtual Reference Library</a>)</td></tr>
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Perhaps the best report I read about this collapse came from <i>The Ottawa Journal</i> on January 28, 1938. Below is the paper and a transcript of the article.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZxYt1V5BGJzsx9EljtYlorQ7OtiB_3OfUZ5Wsgr_OEqaUss-an1HunK6ev70ZftkNjUaB4f7MUCk189bk6sduFMG6WCqoAnGzcG684HL958BlnfbQnuIBoa0fkWyIDZNM2y2Q_036aJ8/s1600/J28_The_Ottawa_Journal_Fri__Jan_28__1938_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZxYt1V5BGJzsx9EljtYlorQ7OtiB_3OfUZ5Wsgr_OEqaUss-an1HunK6ev70ZftkNjUaB4f7MUCk189bk6sduFMG6WCqoAnGzcG684HL958BlnfbQnuIBoa0fkWyIDZNM2y2Q_036aJ8/s640/J28_The_Ottawa_Journal_Fri__Jan_28__1938_.jpg" width="444" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>The Ottawa Journal</i>, Friday, January 28, 1938, Section 2, Page 15.</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Tremendous Power of Ice Floe Leaves Niagara Bridge a Twisted Mass of Steel Wreckage</span></b></div>
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<b>--------------------------</b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Thousands See Great Bridge Fall</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
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<b>Falls View Structure at Niagara Suddenly Collapses in Spectacular Fashion and Drops 125 Feet.</b></div>
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NIAGARA FALLS, Ont., Jan. 27.--(CP)--Falls View bridge, for nearly four decades the footpath of the world's brides and bridegrooms, crashed with spectacular effect late today into the massed ice of the Niagara river.</div>
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Thousands on the Canadian and United States sides of the famous gorge, 400 yards below Niagara Falls, shrieked in excitement when the 1,260-foot steel span stretching 175 feet above the river-bed, gave way to crunching ice-blocks that had threatened it since early yesterday.</div>
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If the event had been stage-managed it could not have offered more thrills to hundreds of tourists and thousands of persons from the Niagara district who gathered for the spectacle. Hotels were crowded tonight as they never had been before in mid-Winter.</div>
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<b>Ice Rigid for Hours.</b></div>
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The most damaging ice-jam in 30 years, which already had put the Ontario Power Company plant out of operation, was rigid in the river for hours. Piled 50 feet high at the foundations of Falls View bridge, closed since yesterday, it seemed to have ceased attacking.</div>
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Over a period of 30 hours it had rammed the concrete abutments, jarring the steel framework, throwing the span out of alignment. Engineers who had examined the damage predicted the bridge would fall--"maybe today, maybe tomorrow, maybe next week".</div>
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But at 4 p.m. the bridge stood.</div>
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A little earlier the crowds on both shores had swelled from hundreds to thousands. On the Canadian side they came in motor cars from all parts of Ontario. To see the end of "honeymoon bridge" came throngs from several states on the American side.</div>
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The end came without warning. While the crowds shivered in the near-zero temperature, patiently waiting for something to happen, the weakened American end of the span sank about six feet. Only a groaning sound, as steel supports twisted, was heard.</div>
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<b>Then--"C-r-rack!" </b></blockquote>
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<b>The mid-section gave way and the structure shivered from shore to shore. Pulling with it the roadways touching both countries, the great bridge fell 125 feet and for a few seconds was lost to view from the shores.</b></blockquote>
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<b>At 4.14 p.m., through a spray of loose snow that arose from the gorge as the bridge landed, the spectators made out the foundered giant. It was broken in at least four places.</b></blockquote>
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Its latticed arch had driven deep into the ice and in a general way the bridge seemed merely to have taken a position 125 feet lower than it had occupied since 1898. At each end was the wreckage of steel that had yielded.</div>
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Two boys standing near the ice-piled "Maid of the Mist" landing on the Canadian side, about 100 feet from the bridge, were believed to have been closest to the falling span.</div>
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<b>Workmen Ordered Away.</b></div>
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Some time before the collapse, the International Railway Company, owners of the bridge, ordered all workmen from the abutment on the American side. Working in gangs of 12 for brief periods, the men jabbed at the ice-blocks with pickaxes in an attempt to relieve pressure on the foundation.</div>
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Following an inspection of the abutment by engineers, the ice-breaking work was stopped. The company made no official statement at the time, but it was believed the work was abandoned because the bridge showed signs of giving way.</div>
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Only a few minutes before the crash, engineers finished a final examination of the abutment. Under the bridge-end for a short time were Walter McCausland, official of the company and Henry E. Reixinger, chief engineer, and P. L. Prattley, Montreal engineer.</div>
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<b>Missed By Minutes.</b></div>
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<b>Robert Rigg, supervising inspector of the Canadian Immigration Department at the bridge, estimated the engineers missed being caught in the wreckage by only five minutes.</b></blockquote>
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"They couldn't have been gone longer than that, because when the bridge started to collapse I looked to see if they were still there.</div>
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"I was standing about 10 feet from the entrance to the bridge when I saw it begin to cave. The noise of the crash when the whole thing struck the ice was terrific. Two young chaps were down on the ice about 100 feet upstream from the bridge. I imagine they were scared speechless."</div>
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Telephone service between the two Falls cities was affected somewhat, as wires were strung under the bridge. Electric cables were yanked from the bridge approaches.</div>
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Plans for removal of the bridge were not decided early tonight. A sudden shift in the ice-mass might further wreck the structure, carrying it down the river. There was no indication when the ice would move.</div>
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Movietone News caught the entire bridge collapse on film.</div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/kYbo5wpi1fc" width="560"></iframe></center>
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<b><br /></b> <b>April 1938</b><br />
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<i>"The story of life is quicker than the wink of an eye, the story of love is hello and goodbye." </i><i>~Jimi Hendrix</i><br />
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The Honeymoon Bridge was back in the news in April, just long enough to say goodbye as the wreckage sank into the Niagara River. On April 12, 1938, the American half of the bridge was submerged, leaving only about 200 feet of the Canadian half on the ice.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPgNEFN9kV9jhTSqrOz8uH1-bx2eRx8tMykFvT4wqDFwrUTWctnYHHygdiZ3R-4YZ42VMsrhl36jYuRV7N7Pt90vcACf1GcQwF5i-FN1SaMXau22623JvpJ3-Lt77G5kv5ZSgVSwG_nsc/s1600/OttawaJournalApril12_1938.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPgNEFN9kV9jhTSqrOz8uH1-bx2eRx8tMykFvT4wqDFwrUTWctnYHHygdiZ3R-4YZ42VMsrhl36jYuRV7N7Pt90vcACf1GcQwF5i-FN1SaMXau22623JvpJ3-Lt77G5kv5ZSgVSwG_nsc/s400/OttawaJournalApril12_1938.png" width="293" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Honeymoon Bridge wreckage begins to sink.<br />
(Source: <i>The Ottawa Evening Journal</i>, April 12, 1938, Page 1)</td></tr>
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And with a final photo on April 14, 1938, the Honeymoon Bridge bid its farewell and sank below the melting ice.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxW_aiYVyNWXq36uRv0JuIEZdJg_bRBPNiMqhuhThEOmeLeg4dn-3SE5k2XquJHY6UxMA_nf92TUdeKqOqcNZkKIiD4_9bs2Lk5WpNU6MCTRWtCLKYWpAOBh_q9TXN5zozJ4eDWHXljpE/s1600/OttawaJournalApril14_1938.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxW_aiYVyNWXq36uRv0JuIEZdJg_bRBPNiMqhuhThEOmeLeg4dn-3SE5k2XquJHY6UxMA_nf92TUdeKqOqcNZkKIiD4_9bs2Lk5WpNU6MCTRWtCLKYWpAOBh_q9TXN5zozJ4eDWHXljpE/s640/OttawaJournalApril14_1938.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The last portion of the Honeymoon Bridge resting on the melting ice of the Niagara River.<br />
(Source: <i>The Ottawa Evening Journal,</i> 5 O'clock Edition, April 14, 1938, Page 1.)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />Works Cited </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Bailey, George. "The Collapse of the Niagara Falls Honeymoon Bridge." <i>Niagara Falls Canada.</i> Niagara Falls Tourism, 16 Jan. 2013. Web. 26 Jan. 2017. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Brink, Andreì P. <i>Before I Forget.</i> London: Secker & Warburg, 2004. Print.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">"Falls View Bridge." <i>Toronto Public Library</i>. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2017. </span><br />
<http: detail.jsp="" ntt="RDMDC-TSPA_0106860F&R=DC-TSPA_0106860F&searchPageType=vrl" www.virtualreferencelibrary.ca=""><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></http:> <http: detail.jsp="" ntt="RDMDC-TSPA_0106860F&R=DC-TSPA_0106860F&searchPageType=vrl" www.virtualreferencelibrary.ca=""><span style="font-size: x-small;">"Famous Bridge Threatened, Pressure Of Ice Jam Buckles Structure." <i>Lethbridge Herald </i>26 Jan. 1938: 1+. Print. </span></http:><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">"Honeymoon Bridge (Niagara Falls/Clifton, 1898)." <i>Structurae</i>. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2017. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">""Honeymoon Bridge" Wreckage Sinks." <i>Ottawa Evening Journal </i>12 Apr. 1938: 1. Print. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">"Niagara Falls Bridge Collapses Under Pressure of Ice - 1938." <i>YouTube.</i> YouTube, 21 July 2015. Web. 27 Jan. 2017.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">"Ice Pressure Causes Bridge to Collapse." <i>Ottawa Journal </i>27 Jan. 1938, 5 O'clock ed.: 1+. Print. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Jordan, Neil. <i>Mistaken.</i> Berkeley, CA: Soft Skull, 2011. Print.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">King, Stephen. <i>The Wind through the Keyhole. </i>New York: Scribner, 2012. Print.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">"Leffert Lefferts Buck (1837 - 1909)." <i>Structurae.</i> N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2017. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Museum, Niagara Falls History. "Collapse of the Honeymoon Bridge | Niagara Falls History Museum - City of Niagara Falls." <i>City of Niagara Falls History Museums. </i>Niagara Falls Museums, n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2017.</span><br />
<http: discover-our-history="" history-notes="" honeymoonbridge.aspx="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca=""><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></http:> <http: discover-our-history="" history-notes="" honeymoonbridge.aspx="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca=""><span style="font-size: x-small;">"Niagara Ice Bridge." <i>Ottawa Journal </i>17 Jan. 1938: 14. Print. </span></http:><br />
<http: discover-our-history="" history-notes="" honeymoonbridge.aspx="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca=""><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></http:> <http: discover-our-history="" history-notes="" honeymoonbridge.aspx="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca=""><span style="font-size: x-small;">"Niagara's Famous Honeymoon Bridge Disappears With King Winter." <i>Ottawa Evening Journal </i>14 Apr. 1938, 5 O'clock ed.: 1. Print. </span></http:><br />
<http: discover-our-history="" history-notes="" honeymoonbridge.aspx="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca=""><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></http:> <http: discover-our-history="" history-notes="" honeymoonbridge.aspx="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca=""><span style="font-size: x-small;">Parakh, Deepa. "Fall of the Honeymoon Bridge." <i>Lundy's Lane Historical Museum</i> (1997): n. pag. Niagara Falls Museums. Web. 25 Jan. 2017.</span></http:><br />
<http: discover-our-history="" history-notes="" honeymoonbridge.aspx="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca=""><https: all-of-the-honeymoon-bridge.pdf="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca="" pdf=""><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></https:></http:> <http: discover-our-history="" history-notes="" honeymoonbridge.aspx="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca=""><https: all-of-the-honeymoon-bridge.pdf="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca="" pdf=""><span style="font-size: x-small;">"Predicts Bridge To Collapse This Evening." <i>Ottawa Journal </i>26 Jan. 1938: 17. Print.</span></https:></http:><br />
<http: discover-our-history="" history-notes="" honeymoonbridge.aspx="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca=""><https: all-of-the-honeymoon-bridge.pdf="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca="" pdf=""><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></https:></http:> <http: discover-our-history="" history-notes="" honeymoonbridge.aspx="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca=""><https: all-of-the-honeymoon-bridge.pdf="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca="" pdf=""><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rowling, J. K. <i>Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. </i>New York: Arthur A. Levine, an Imprint of Scholastic, 2000. Print. </span></https:></http:><br />
<http: discover-our-history="" history-notes="" honeymoonbridge.aspx="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca=""><https: all-of-the-honeymoon-bridge.pdf="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca="" pdf=""><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></https:></http:> <http: discover-our-history="" history-notes="" honeymoonbridge.aspx="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca=""><https: all-of-the-honeymoon-bridge.pdf="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca="" pdf=""><span style="font-size: x-small;">"The Story Of Life Lyrics." <i>The Story Of Life Lyrics - Jimi Hendrix</i>. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2017.</span></https:></http:><br />
<http: discover-our-history="" history-notes="" honeymoonbridge.aspx="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca=""><https: all-of-the-honeymoon-bridge.pdf="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca="" pdf=""><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></https:></http:> <http: discover-our-history="" history-notes="" honeymoonbridge.aspx="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca=""><https: all-of-the-honeymoon-bridge.pdf="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca="" pdf=""><span style="font-size: x-small;">"Thousands See Great Bridge Fall." <i>Ottawa Journal </i>28 Jan. 1938, sec. 2: 15. Print. </span></https:></http:><br />
<http: discover-our-history="" history-notes="" honeymoonbridge.aspx="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca=""><https: all-of-the-honeymoon-bridge.pdf="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca="" pdf=""><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></https:></http:> <http: discover-our-history="" history-notes="" honeymoonbridge.aspx="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca=""><https: all-of-the-honeymoon-bridge.pdf="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca="" pdf=""><span style="font-size: x-small;">"To Dynamite Ice Threatening Niagara Bridge." <i>Ottawa Journal</i> 26 Jan. 1938, 5 O'clock ed.: 1+. Print. </span></https:></http:><br />
<http: discover-our-history="" history-notes="" honeymoonbridge.aspx="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca=""><https: all-of-the-honeymoon-bridge.pdf="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca="" pdf=""><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></https:></http:> <http: discover-our-history="" history-notes="" honeymoonbridge.aspx="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca=""><https: all-of-the-honeymoon-bridge.pdf="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca="" pdf=""><span style="font-size: x-small;">"To-day à 4;500 Tons of Scrap Steel on the Ice of Niagara Gorge; Niagara's Ice Jam Pushed Falls View Bridge from Its Foundations; Then Held Firm While It Came down in a Heap. The Upper Gorge Holds This Wreckage of a 40-year-old Bridge Which Engineers Say Might Have Lasted Another 35 Years." <i>Toronto Public Library</i>. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2017.</span></https:></http:><br />
<http: discover-our-history="" history-notes="" honeymoonbridge.aspx="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca=""><https: all-of-the-honeymoon-bridge.pdf="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca="" pdf=""><http: detail.jsp="" ntt="RDMDC-TSPA_0106857F&R=DC-TSPA_0106857F&searchPageType=vrl" www.virtualreferencelibrary.ca=""><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></http:></https:></http:> <http: discover-our-history="" history-notes="" honeymoonbridge.aspx="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca=""><https: all-of-the-honeymoon-bridge.pdf="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca="" pdf=""><http: detail.jsp="" ntt="RDMDC-TSPA_0106857F&R=DC-TSPA_0106857F&searchPageType=vrl" www.virtualreferencelibrary.ca=""><span style="font-size: x-small;">"The Upper Steel Arch Bridge, Connecting United States and Canada, Niagara Falls." <i>Toronto Public Library</i>. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2017.</span></http:></https:></http:><br />
<http: discover-our-history="" history-notes="" honeymoonbridge.aspx="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca=""><https: all-of-the-honeymoon-bridge.pdf="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca="" pdf=""><http: detail.jsp="" ntt="RDMDC-TSPA_0106857F&R=DC-TSPA_0106857F&searchPageType=vrl" www.virtualreferencelibrary.ca=""><http: detail.jsp="" ntt="RDMDC-PCR-1632&R=DC-PCR-1632&searchPageType=vrl" www.virtualreferencelibrary.ca=""><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></http:></http:></https:></http:> <http: discover-our-history="" history-notes="" honeymoonbridge.aspx="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca=""><https: all-of-the-honeymoon-bridge.pdf="" niagarafallsmuseums.ca="" pdf=""><http: detail.jsp="" ntt="RDMDC-TSPA_0106857F&R=DC-TSPA_0106857F&searchPageType=vrl" www.virtualreferencelibrary.ca=""><http: detail.jsp="" ntt="RDMDC-PCR-1632&R=DC-PCR-1632&searchPageType=vrl" www.virtualreferencelibrary.ca=""><span style="font-size: x-small;">"Watchers on the Canadian Side of the River Saw the Sag in the Bridge Floor When They Looked along This Up-river Side. The Rail Split to a 6-inch Crack in the Centre." <i>Toronto Public Library.</i> N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2017.</span></http:></http:></https:></http:>Nanette South Clarkhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10957711598030365443noreply@blogger.com